Updated 9 Oct. 2024
PDF version (with illustrations and additional information)

Chapada Pencil Catfishes
Subfamily COPIONODONTINAE de Pinna 1992

Copionodon de Pinna 1992 kōpídion (Gr. κωπίδιον), diminutive of kṓpē (κώπη), oar; odon, Latinized and grammatically adjusted from the Greek nominative ὀδούς (odoús), tooth, referring to paddle-shaped outer row of teeth on premaxilla and dentary

Copionodon elysium de Pinna, Burger & Zanata 2018 Latinization of Ēlýsion (Gr. Ἠλύσιον), named for the Elysean Fields of Greek mythology, a place or condition of ideal happiness or perfect bliss, alluding to its habitat (Diamantina Plateau, Bahia, Brazil), a “scenic pristine place” shared with one other fish species (Astyanax sp.) and no fish predators

Copionodon exotatos Abrahão, Reis & Zanata 2018 exṓtatos (Gr. ἐξώτατος), outermost, referring to its outlying locality, a relictual population representing northernmost occurrence of the subfamily known to date

Copionodon lianae Campanario & de Pinna 2000 in honor of ichthyologist Liana Figueiredo Mendes, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil), for collecting the only known specimens and bringing them to the authors’ attention

Copionodon orthiocarinatus de Pinna 1992 orthius (L.), high; carinatus (L.), keeled, referring to its “extremely large and deep” adipose fin

Copionodon pecten de Pinna 1992 Latin for a comb, referring to comb-like appearance of extraordinarily enlarged interopercular patch of odontodes

Glaphyropoma de Pinna 1992 glaphyrós (Gr. γλαφυρός), hollow or hollowed (de Pinna says excavated); pṓma (Gr. πῶμα), lid or cover, i.e., opercle, referring to smooth opercular region (odontodes absent) of G. rodriguesi (but present in G. spinosa)

Glaphyropoma rodriguesi de Pinna 1992 in honor of Brazilian herpetologist Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues (b. 1953), Universidade de São Paulo, who, along with his students, discovered and collected first-known specimens of this subfamily from a previously unsampled high-altitude region of central north-eastern Brazil

Glaphyropoma spinosa Bichuette, de Pinna & Trajano 2008 Latin for prickly or spiny, referring to its opercular odontodes, unique within the subfamily [originally spelled spinosum; emended to agree with feminine gender of genus]

---

Longfin Pencil Catfishes
Subfamily TRICHOGENINAE Isbrücker 1986

Trichogenes Britski & Ortega 1983 combination of tricho– from Trichomycteridae and –genes from the cetopsid catfishes of Helogenes, referring to superficial resemblance to that genus (specifically, the long anal fin)

Trichogenes beagle de Pinna, Reis & Britski 2020 named for the Laboratory of Molecular Systematics (nicknamed Beagle, after HMS Beagle, the ship that carried a young Charles Darwin around the world), Department of Animal Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil), where the only known specimens were discovered in a freezer

Trichogenes claviger de Pinna, Helmer, Britski & Nunes 2010 clava (L.), club; -iger (L.), to bear, referring to peculiar shape of hypertrophied posterior process of opercle in males

Trichogenes longipinnis Britski & Ortega 1983 longus (L.), long; pinnis, Neo-Latin adjective of pinna (L.), fin, referring to long (>30 rays) Helogenes-like anal fin

---

Pencil Catfishes
Subfamily TRICHOMYCTERINAE Bleeker 1858

Bullockia Arratia, Chang, Menu-Marque & Rojas 1978 –ia (L. suffix), belonging to: Dillman Samuel Bullock (1878–1971), an American agronomist who lived in Chile and collected many Chilean fishes, including holotype of Hatcheria bullocki (=B. maldonadoi)

Bullockia maldonadoi (Eigenmann 1920) in honor of Chilean agronomist and agricultural engineer Ernesto Maldonado, Inspector General de Bosques, Pesca y Caza (Forests, Fishing and Hunting), Santiago de Chile, who helped Eigenmann during his 1919 expedition to Chile

Cambeva Katz, Barbosa, Mattos & Costa 2018 vernacular name for trichomycterids in southern and southeastern Brazil, derived from the Tupi a’kãg, head, and pewa, flat, referring to their dorsally flattened heads

Cambeva alphabelardense Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2022 álpha (ἄλφα), first letter (α) of Greek alphabet; abelardense, Portuguese word referring to people born in Abelardo Luz municipality (Santa Catarina State, Brazil), the first new species described from this area [see C. betabelardense and C. gamabelardense]

Cambeva atrobrunnea Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2024 atro-, from ater (L.), black; brunnea, Medieval Latin for brown, referring to predominant color of the flank in adult specimens, a “great concentration of small dark brown to black dots”

Cambeva balios (Ferrer & Malabarba 2013) baliós (Gr. βαλιός), spotted, referring to color pattern formed by circular black blotches

Cambeva barbosae Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2021 in honor of Brazilian ichthyologist Maria Anaïs Barbosa, for her efforts to collect and study trichomycterines from Santa Catarina, Brazil, where this one occurs

Cambeva betabelardense Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2022 bḗta (βῆτα), second letter (β) of Greek alphabet; abelardense, Portuguese word referring to people born in Abelardo Luz municipality (Santa Catarina State, Brazil), the second new species described from this area [see C. alphabelardense and C. gamabelardense]

Cambeva biseriata Costa, Feltrin, Mattos, Dalcin, Abilhoa & Katz 2023 bi-, from bis (L.), twice; seriata (L.), in a row, referring to two longitudinal series of brown spots on the flank

Cambeva botuvera Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2021 named for the municipality of Botuverá, Santa Catarina, Brazil, where type locality (village of Ourinhos) is situated (name derived from the Tupí-Guaraní, possibly meaning “brilliant mountain”)

Cambeva brachykechenos (Ferrer & Malabarba 2013) brachýs (Gr. βραχύς), short; kechēnṓs (Gr. κεχηνώς), yawn or gape (authors say gap or opening), referring to its short posterior cranial fontanel

Cambeva castroi (de Pinna 1992) in honor of Brazilian ichthyologist Ricardo Macedo Corrêa e Castro, Universidade de São Paulo, who collected types and made them available for study, and for his “stimulating enthusiasm” for the study of neotropical freshwater fishes

Cambeva cauim Reis, Ferrer & da Graça 2021 named for cauim, a traditional alcoholic drink made from fermented manioc or maize consumed by the caingangues Indians, who lived along the margins of the Rio Iguaçu, Paraná State, Brazil, where type locality is situated

Cambeva chrysornata Costa, Feltrin, Mattos, Dalcin, Abilhoa & Katz 2023 chrysós (Gr. χρυσός), gold; ornata (L.), ornate or embellished, referring to characteristic bright-yellow marks on sides

Cambeva concolor (Costa 1992) Latin for colored uniformly, referring to its uniform plain-yellow coloration

Cambeva crassicaudata (Wosiacki & de Pinna 2008) crassus (L.), thick or wide; caudata (L.), tailed, referring to deep caudal peduncle, giving it a unique shape among trichomycterids

Cambeva cubataonis (Bizerril 1994) –is, Latin genitive singular of: Rio Cubatão, Joinville, Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil, type locality

Cambeva damnata Costa, Azevedo-Santos, Ottoni, Vilardo & Katz 2024 Latin for condemned, referring to the fact that mining, deforestation and urban expansion where this catfish occurs are seriously threatening it with extinction

Cambeva davisi (Haseman 1911) in honor of “Dr. Davis,” possibly Walter Gould Davis (1851–1919), Argentine Meteorological Service, “who in various ways” assisted Haseman during the latter part of his collecting trip to South America

Cambeva diabola (Bockmann, Casatti & de Pinna 2004) Latin for of the devil, named for Morro do Diabo State Park (São Paulo, Brazil), type locality; according to local lore, the name refers to natives who formerly inhabited the region and were reputed to have killed European invaders

Cambeva diatropoporos (Ferrer & Malabara 2013) diátropos (Gr. διάτροπος), variable; póros (Gr. πόρος), hole or passage, referring to variable presence of pores along infraorbital sensory canal among specimens

Cambeva difficilis Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2024 Latin for difficult, referring to the “great difficulty it takes to collect this new species” (six collecting trips over the course of 20 years yielded only four specimens)

Cambeva diffusa Costa, Felktrin & Katz 2021 Latin for spread abroad, extended or wide (i.e., diffuse), referring to its color pattern, with diffuse gray spots in a deeper skin layer, overlapped by minute brownish grey dots, conferring a general coloration that is lighter than that of closely related congeners

Cambeva duplimaculata Costa, Felktrin & Katz 2021 diplo-, from diplóos (Gr. διπλόος) or diploū́s (διπλοῦς), twofold or double; maculatus (L.), spotted, referring to color pattern on sides, consisting of two overlapped spotted patterns in different skin layers, comprising inner large black spots and outer small brown spots

Cambeva flavopicta Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2020 flavus (L.), yellow; picta (L.), painted, referring to characteristic yellow marks over a dark-brown ground

Cambeva galactica Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2024 galaktikos (Gr. γαλακτικός), milky, referring to rows of yellowish white diffuse vermiculate marks on flank, reminiscent of the Milky Way

Cambeva gamabelardense Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2022 gámma (γάμμα), third letter (γ) of Greek alphabet; abelardense, Portuguese word referring to people born in Abelardo Luz municipality (Santa Catarina, Brazil), i.e., the third new species of Cambeva known to occur in this area [see C. alphabelardense and C. betabelardense]

Cambeva grisea Costa, Felktrin & Katz 2021 Medieval Latin for gray, referring to its predominant body color

Cambeva guaraquessaba (Wosiacki 2005) derived from Município de Guaraqueçaba, Paraná State, Brazil, where it occurs

Cambeva guaratuba Costa, Feltrin, Mattos, Dalcin, Abilhoa & Katz 2023 named for the Baía de Guaratuba system, Guaratuba Municipality, Paraná State, Brazil, where type locality (rio Imbira) is situated; from the Tupi-Guarani guara (local name of the bird Eudocimus ruber) and tuba (numerous), i.e., a place inhabited by numerous birds of this species

Cambeva guareiensis Katz & Costa 2020 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: rio Guareí drainage, Angatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, type locality

Cambeva horacioi Reis, Frota, Fabrin & Graça 2019 in honor of Horácio Ferreira Júlio Júnior, a “great friend” and one of the mentors of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, for his contributions in cytogenetics and ecology of fishes from rio Paraná basin, Paraná State, Brazil (where this catfish occurs)

Cambeva igobi (Wosiacki & de Pinna 2008) named for Igobi, a tribal chief and father of Naipí in Tupí-Guraní mythology involved in the legend of the origin of the Iguaçu waterfalls (Paraná, Brazil), near where this catfish occurs [see C. naipi for full story]

Cambeva iheringi (Eigenmann 1917) in honor of Rodolpho von Ihering (1883–1939), zoologist and fish culturist, who collected part of the type series

Cambeva imaruhy Costa, Felktrin & Katz 2021 named for its occurrence in the Caminho dos Tropeiros da Serra do Imaruí (formerly Imaruhy), Santa Catarina, Brazil

Cambeva longipalata Costa, Felktrin & Katz 2021 longus (L.), long; palata, nominative plural of palatum (L.), palate, but apparently used here as an adjective, referring to the “peculiar” morphology of its autopalatine, with a long posterolateral process

Cambeva luteoreticulata Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2024 luteus (L.), yellow; reticulata (L.), net-like or netted, referring to pale yellow marks forming reticulate pattern on flank of adult specimens

Cambeva mboycy (Wosiacki & Garavello 2004) named for M’Boy cy, a character in Tupí-Guaraní mythology involved in the legend of the origin of the Iguaçu waterfalls (Paraná, Brazil), near where this catfish occurs

Cambeva melanoptera Costa, Abilhoa, Dalcin & Katz 2022 black-finned, from mélanos (Gr. μέλανος), genitive of mélas (μέλας), black, and ptera, from pterón (Gr. πτερόν) or ptéryx (πτέρυξ), wing or fin, referring to broad distal black zone in all unpaired and pectoral fins

Cambeva naipi (Wosiacki & Garavello 2004) named for Naipí, a beautiful young maiden, referring to a legend of the Kaingang people, the first inhabitants of the present-day province of Misiones in Argentina, particularly the río Iguazú basin (which includes Paraná, Brazil, near where this catfish occurs); according to the legend, Naipí and Tarobá, a warrior, angered Mboi, the guardian god of the río Iguazú, who created the falls to capture the lovers, transforming Naipí into one of the rocks of the falls, perpetually punished by its turbulent waters, and Tarobá into a palm tree on the bank, where, on sunny days, a rainbow overcomes the power of Mboi and serves as a bridge of love connecting Naipí and Tarobá

Cambeva notabilis Costa, Felktrin & Katz 2021 Latin for notable, referring to its “unique” coloration, with a black stripe along sides interrupted in larger specimens, forming a distinctive series of horizontally elongated black spots

Cambeva orbitofrontalis Costa, Felktrin & Katz 2021 orbita (L.), orbit (i.e., eye socket); frontalis (Neo-Latin), frontal, referring to its unique long sesamoid supraorbital bone, with posterior extremity firmly attached to the frontal bone

Cambeva panthera Costa, Felktrin & Katz 2021 Latin for panther, referring to the panther-like color pattern of larger specimens

Cambeva paolence (Eigenmann 1917) etymology not explained; appears to be a variant or misspelling of –ense, Latin suffix denoting place, possibly referring to São Paulo State, Brazil, where it is endemic to the rio Paraná basin

Cambeva papillifera (Wosiacki & Garavello 2004) papilla (L.), bud; fera (L.), bearing or carrying, referring to large papillae on ventral surface of head and rictal barbels

Cambeva pascuali (Ochoa, Silva, Costa e Silva, Oliveira & Datovo 2017) in honor of José Pascual Ochoa, the first author’s father

Cambeva pericoh Costa, Felktrin & Katz 2021 named for the rio Pericó, rio Pelotas drainage, Santa Catarina, Brazil, type locality [the addition of the “h” is not explained]

Cambeva perkos (Datovo, Carvalho & Ferrer 2012) pérkos (Gr. πέρκος), spotted or streaked with black marks, referring to color pattern formed by either dark stripes (small-sized specimens) or dark stripes combined with small spots (larger individuals)

Cambeva perobana Martins, Reis, Stabile & da Graça 2024 –ana (L.), pertaining to: Reserva Biológica das Perobas, a conservation unit in the Paraná State, Brazil, where type locality (rio Mouro) is situated

Cambeva piraquara Reis, Wosiacki, Ferrer, Donin & Graça 2023 Tupí word meaning “fish hole” (pirá, fish; kûara, hole, cave, cavity or hiding place), referring to rio Piraquara, Paraná State, Brazil, type locality

Cambeva plumbea (Wosiacki & Garavello 2004) Latin for of or pertaining to lead, i.e., lead-colored, referring to its grayish color

Cambeva podostemophila Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2023 phila, from phílos (Gr. φίλος), fond of: Podostemum rutifolium, an aquatic plant in whose dense mats this catfish occurs

Cambeva poikilos (Ferrer & Malabarba 2013) poikílos (Gr. ποικίλος), mottled or varicolored, referring to its intraspecific ontogenetic color-pattern variation

Cambeva rotundipinna Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2024 rotundus (L.), round or circular; pinna (L.), fin, referring to its rounded fins

Cambeva stawiarski (Miranda Ribeiro 1968) in honor of Victor Stawiarski (1903–1979), Director da Divisão de Extenção Cultural do Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), who collected holotype

Cambeva taroba (Wosiacki & Garavello 2004) named for Tarobá, a warrior involved in the legend of the origin of the Iguaçu waterfalls (Paraná, Brazil), near where this catfish occurs [see C. naipi for full story]

Cambeva tourensis Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2023 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Rio dos Touros, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, only known area of occurrence

Cambeva tropeiro (Ferrer & Malabarba 2011) Portuguese for drover, named for the old drovers’ paths that connected the States of Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo, and crossed the Municipalities of São José dos Ausentes and Cambará do Sul, where this catfish occurs

Cambeva tupinamba (Wosiacki & Oyakawa 2005) named for the indigenous tribe who lived in the eastern region of São Paulo State (Brazil), where this catfish occurs, in the 16th and early 17th centuries; Tupinamba, in Tupí language, means first or ancient, further reflecting its presumed basal relationship among congeners

Cambeva urubici Costa, Felktrin & Katz 2021 named for the rio Urubici, rio Uruguai basin, Santa Catarina, Brazil, type locality

Cambeva variegata (Costa 1992) Latin for “of different sorts” (particularly colors), referring to its variegated color pattern

Cambeva ventropapillata Costa, Feltrin, Mattos, Dalcin, Abilhoa & Katz 2023 ventro-, from venter (L.), belly; papillata (L.), with nipples or buds, referring to well-developed papillae on ventral surface of head

Cambeva ytororo (Terán, Ferrer, Benitez, Alonso, Aguilera & Mirande 2017) indigenous Guaraní word meaning waterfall, referring to its habitat

Cambeva zonata (Eigenmann 1918) Latin for banded, referring to five obscure bars across back in front of dorsal fin and three similar bars behind it

Eremophilus Humboldt 1805 erḗmos (Gr. ἐρῆμος), solitary or lonely; philus, from phílos (Gr. φίλος), fond of, referring to “solitude in which it lives at such great heights [Bogotá, Colombia, elevation ~2640 m], and in waters that are hardly inhabited by any other living being” (translation)

Eremophilus mutisii Humboldt 1805 in honor of Spanish priest, botanist and mathematician José Celestino Mutis (1732–1808), “the famous naturalist whose rich collections are preserved in the great valley of Bogotá” (translation)

Hatcheria Eigenmann 1909 –ia (L. suffix), belonging to: American paleontologist John Bell Hatcher (1861–1904), who collected many of the Patagonian fishes that Eigenmann described

Hatcheria macraei (Girard 1855) in honor of Lieut. Archibald MacRae (1820–1855), part of the U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere (1849–1852), who collected holotype

Ituglanis Costa & Bockmann 1993 itu, Tupí-Guaraní word for waterfall, referring to presence of some species in torrential waters; glánis (Gr. γλάνις), ancient name for a silurid catfish (probably Silurus aristotelis) dating to Aristotle, probably used here as a general term for catfish

Ituglanis agreste Lima, Neves & Campos-Paiva 2013 Latin for rustic, referring to semi-humid narrow strip parallel to coast in northeastern Brazil, encompassing area between Rio Grande do Norte State to middle section of rio de Contas basin in Bahia State, marking transition between two distinct biomes, the Atlantic Forest and the semi-arid Caatinga, where this catfish occurs

Ituglanis amazonicus (Steindachner 1882) –icus (L.), belonging to: Amazon River basin of Brazil, type locality

Ituglanis amphipotamus Mendonça, Oyakawa & Wosiacki 2018 amphi-, double; potamus, river or stream, referring to its occurrence in two river basins: Rio Ribeira de Iguape and upper Rio Tietê basins, southeastern Brazil

Ituglanis apteryx Datovo 2014 a– (ἀ), Greek privative, i.e., not; ptéryx (Gr. πτέρυξ), wing or fin, referring to absence of pelvic fins

Ituglanis australis Datovo & de Pinna 2014 Latin for southern, representing the southernmost record of the genus

Ituglanis bambui Bichuette & Trajano 2004 named for the Bambuí Group, the carbonate geological unit where this subterranean species occurs; name also honors Grupo Bambuí de Pesquisas Espeleológicas, for contributions to Brazilian speleology

Ituglanis boitata Ferrer, Donin & Malabarba 2015 from the Tupí-Guaraní boi, snake, and tata, fire, referring to its orangish coloration and snake-like swimming behavior (the “Boitata” snake is part of several fictitious tales in the Brazilian culture popularized in Rio Grande do Sul by the writer Simões Lopes Neto)

Ituglanis boticario Rizzato & Bichuette 2015 named for Fundação O Boticário de Proteção à Natureza (FBPN), which financially supported the protection of the Tarimba cave system (Goiás State, Brazil), one of two cave systems in which this catfish is known to occur

Ituglanis cahyensis Sarmento-Soares, Martins-Pinheiro, Aranda & Chamon 2006- ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: rio Cahy, a small coastal river drainage (Bahia State, Brazil), near the point where the Portuguese navigator Pedro Alvarez Cabral and his fleet landed in Brazil for the first time in the year 1500

Ituglanis compactus Silva Castro & Wosiacki 2017 Latin for compact (i.e., small), referring to small body size and reduced number of internal and external characters (e.g., post-Weberian apparatus vertebrae, paired ribs, interopercular odontodes) compared with larger congeners

Ituglanis crispim Donin, de Pinna, Severi & Ramos 2023 named for Crispim, also known as Cabeça de Cuia (gourd head), a legendary creature with a gigantic bowl-shaped head said to attack fishermen along the banks of the rio Parnaíba in Piauí State, Brazil, where this catfish occurs (cuia is a hard-shelled fruit with a gourd-like shape whose dried shell is used as bowls) [see also Parotocinclus cabessadecuia, Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae]

Ituglanis eichhorniarum (Miranda Ribeiro 1912) -um (L.), adjectival suffix: named for the water hyacinth Eichhornia azurea, between the pseudorhizomes of which the types were caught [originally spelled with one h; since name is based on a previously described taxon, spelling is deemed an inadvertent error and allowed to be corrected per ICZN 32.5.1]

Ituglanis epikarsticus Bichuette & Trajano 2004 –icus (L.), belonging to: epikarst, the kind of aquifer where this subterranean species occurs

Ituglanis goya Datovo, Aquino & Langeani 2016 named for the Goyá, “an enigmatic and pacific indigenous group that supposedly inhabited the region of the modern state of Goiás in central Brazil,” where this catfish occurs; the “Goyá were utterly exterminated by the XVIII century by the first Bandeirantes explorers from southeastern Brazil”

Ituglanis gracilior (Eigenmann 1912) comparative of gracilis (L.), thin or slender, referring to its body shape

Ituglanis guayaberensis (Dahl 1960) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Guayabero River basin, Orinoco River drainage, Colombia, where it is endemic

Ituglanis herberti (Miranda Ribeiro 1940) in honor of Brazilian acarologist-ornithologist Herbert F. Berla (1912–1985), who collected holotype

Ituglanis ina Wosiacki, Dutra & Mendonça 2012 inã, person, a self-designation of the Karajás (Carajás) indigenous people who inhabit the Serra dos Carajása (State of Pará, Brazil), where this catfish occurs

Ituglanis inusitatus Ferrer & Donin 2017 Latin for unusual or uncommon (rare), referring to its recent discovery using electrofishing gear, an effective method for capturing benthic species in hidden places

Ituglanis laticeps (Kner 1863) latus (L.) wide; –ceps (Neo-Latin), headed, referring to its very depressed, almost quadrilateral, head

Ituglanis macunaima Datovo & Landim 2005 from the modernist Brazilian novel by Mário de Andrade (1893–1945), Macunaíma: o herói sem nenhum caráter (1928), meaning “hero without any character,” referring to the absence of any exclusive (taxonomic) character for the new species; Andrade’s Macunaíma, based in folk Amazonian Indian myth, presents infantile features, an allusion to the paedomorphic characters of this catfish

Ituglanis mambai Bichuette & Trajano 2008 named for the karst region, Mambaí (State of Goiás, Brazil), where this subterranean species occurs

Ituglanis metae (Eigenmann 1917) of the Río Meta, Barrigona, Colombia, presumably the type locality

Ituglanis nebulosus de Pinna & Keith 2003 Latin for cloudy or misty, referring to its integumentary pigmentation pattern

Ituglanis paraguassuensis Campos-Paiva & Costa 2007 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, Brazil, type locality

Ituglanis parahybae (Eigenmann 1918) of Rio Parahyba at São João da Barra, Brazil, type locality

Ituglanis parkoi (Miranda Ribeiro 1944) in honor of Polish amateur naturalist Alexandre Parko, who collected specimens for Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, including holotype of this catfish

Ituglanis passensis Fernández & Bichuette 2002 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Passa Três cave, São Domingos, Goiás, Brazil, only known area of occurrence

Ituglanis payaya (Sarmento-Soares, Zanata & Martins-Pinheiro 2011) named for the Payayá, an indigenous people who inhabited area south of the rio São Francisco, between upper rio Itapicuru and rio Paraguassu valleys to the Recôncavo Baiano, in northern Bahia State until the 18th century; their descendants nowadays inhabit the region of the Chapada Diamantina, where this catfish occurs

Ituglanis proops (Miranda Ribeiro 1908) pro– (L.), forward or in front of; ṓps (Gr. ὦψ), eye, referring to forward placement of eyes, close to the posterior nares

Ituglanis ramiroi Bichuette & Trajano 2004 in honor of Ramiro Hilário dos Santos, local inhabitant and guide in Terra Ronca State Park (Goiás, Brazil), who discovered this subterranean species and is an enthusiastic supporter of the protection of caves in the area

Rhizosomichthys Miles 1943 etymology not explained, presumably rhízōma (Gr. ῥίζωμα), a “mass of roots” (i.e., rhizome), and sṓma (Gr. σῶμα), body, possibly referring to how this catfish’s unusual body, surrounded by rings of adipose tissue, resembles the rhizome of ginger, turmeric or some other rhizomatous plant; ichthýs (Gr. ἰχθύς), fish

Rhizosomichthys totae (Miles 1942) of Lago de Tota, Colombia, the only place this catfish, presumed extinct (last seen in 1957), was known to occur

Scleronema Eigenmann 1917 sclero-, from sklērós (Gr. σκληρός), tough or hard; nḗma (Gr. νῆμα), thread, referring to large osseous base of maxillary barbel of S. operculatum

Subgenus Scleronema

Scleronema carijo Bockmann, Ferrer, Rizzato, Esguícero, Duboc & Ingenito 2023 named for the Guarani Carijó indigenous people, who lived in the region where this catfish occurs in the early 16th century, at the time of the Portuguese occupation

Scleronema guapa Ferrer & Malabarba 2020 Spanish for beautiful, used in southern Brazil to describe a beautiful person, referring to the “beauty” of this catfish

Scleronema ibirapuita Ferrer & Malabarba 2020 named for the Conservation Unit “Área de Proteção Ambiental Ibirapuitã,” where type locality (Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) is situated

Scleronema macanuda Ferrer & Malabarba 2020 macanuda, a regional (Atlantic coastal drainages along Brazil and Uruguay border) adjective to describe a large and strong person, referring to its being the largest species of the genus

Scleronema mate Ferrer & Malabarba 2020 mate, a popular herbal infusion in a traditional drink (chimarrão) from southern Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, referring to type locality (Venâncio Aires, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), known as the “Terra do Chimarrão”

Scleronema milonga Ferrer & Malabarba 2020 milonga, a musical rhythm popularized in Argentina and Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), both regions where this catfish can be found

Scleronema minutum (Boulenger 1891) Latin for very small, referring to small size (for a Trichomycterus, its original genus), up to 40 mm

Scleronema operculatum Eigenmann 1917 Latin for operculate, allusion not explained, probably referring to opercular flap nearly reaching base of last pectoral-fin ray

Scleronema teiniagua Ferrer & Malabarba 2020 named for Teiniaguá, a character in “Salamanca do Jarau,” a fictional tale popularized in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, by the writer Simões Lopes Neto in 1913; in this story, Teiniaguá was a princess transformed to a witch who lives in a cave at the hill “Cerro do Jarau,” within the area where this catfish occurs

Subgenus Plesioscleronema Costa, Sampaio, Giongo, Almeida, Azevedo-Santos & Katz 2022 plḗsios (Gr. πλήσιος), near, root word of plesiomorph, i.e., a primitive character state, referring to several primitive diagnostic character states relative to the derived conditions occurring within this subgenus

Scleronema auromaculatum Costa, Sampaio, Giongo, Almeida, Azevedo-Santos & Katz 2022 auro-, from aurum (L.), gold; maculatum (L.), spotted, referring to longitudinal row of golden spots along dorsal part of flank between nape and anterior portion of caudal peduncle

Silvinichthys Arratia 1998 in honor of Argentinian zoologist Silvina Menu-Marque, who collected many trichomycterids; ichthýs (Gr. ἰχθύς), fish

Silvinichthys bortayro Fernández & de Pinna 2005 in honor of Argentinian biologist Gonzalo Padilla Bortayro, who first collected this species and brought it to the authors’ attention [a noun in apposition, without the patronymic “i”]

Silvinichthys gualcamayo Fernández, Sanabria & Quiroga 2013 named for Río Gaulcamayo, Andean cordillera of San Juan, Argentina, type locality

Silvinichthys huachi Fernández, Sanabria, Quiroga & Vari 2014 named for Río Huertas de Huachi, Provincia de San Juan, Argentina, type locality

Silvinichthys leoncitensis Fernández, Dominino, Brancolini & Baigún 2011 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Leoncito National Park, Argentina, type locality

Silvinichthys mendozensis (Arratia, Chang G., Menu-Marque & Rojas M. 1978) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Mendoza Province, Argentina, type locality

Silvinichthys pachonensis Fernández & Liotta 2016 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Pachón, Provincia de San Juan, Argentina, type locality

Silvinichthys pedernalensis Fernández, Sanabria & Quiroga 2017 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Río Pedernal, Departamento Sarmiento, Argentina, type locality

Trichomycterus Valenciennes 1832 trichós (Gr. τριχός), genitive singular of thríx (θρίξ), hair; mycterus, from myktḗr (Gr. μυκτήρ), nostril, presumably referring to very short barbels of T. nigricans

Trichomycterus caipora Lima, Lazzarotto & Costa 2008 from kaa’pora, a forest-dwelling creature in Tupí mythology, a protector of wildlife with orange hair, referring to this catfish’s endemic distribution in the Atlantic Rain Forest and its orangish-yellow head

Trichomycterus florensis (Miranda Ribeiro 1943) -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Rio das Flores, near Ipiabas, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, type locality

Trichomycterus maculosus Barbosa & Costa 2010 Latin for dappled or spotted, referring to dark gray row of blotches horizontally elongated along lateral midline of body

Trichomycterus mutabilicolor Costa 2022 mutabilis (L.), changeable, referring to its “striking” ontogenetic coloration change (small specimens with a black longitudinal stripe over a pale-brown ground color; larger specimens with small dark-browns spots scattered over a pale-yellow ground color)

Trichomycterus nigricans Valenciennes 1832 Latin for swarthy or blackish, referring to its uniform black coloration

Trichomycterus nigroauratus Barbosa & Costa 2008 nigro-, from niger (L.), dark or black; auratus (L.), gilded, referring to black stripe along lateral midline and golden spots on snout and body

Trichomycterus quintus Costa 2020 Latin for fifth, being the fifth species of Trichomycterus reported from the upper rio Preto drainage of southeastern Brazil

Trichomycterus santaeritae (Eigenmann 1918) of Santa Rita, Paraíba, Brazil, type locality

Subgenus Cryptocambeva Costa 2021 cryptos, from kryptόs (Gr. κρυπτός), hidden, referring to their cryptic habits during daylight collections; cambeva, vernacular name for trichomycterids in southern and southeastern Brazil, derived from the Tupi a’kãg, head, and pewa, flat, referring dorsally flattened head

Trichomycterus araxa Costa, Mattos, Sampaio, Giongo, Almeida & Katz 2022 named for Araxá Municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil, where type locality is situated

Trichomycterus argos Lezama, Triques & Santos 2012 Árgos (Gr. Ἄργος), a hundred-eyed monster in Greek mythology, referring to its “eye-spotted” color pattern

Trichomycterus brasiliensis Lütken 1874 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: described from Rio das Velhas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Trichomycterus brunoi Barbosa & Costa 2010 in honor of herpetologist Bruno Bove de Costa (the junior author’s son), for “valuable” help in collecting Trichomycterus and observations in the field

Trichomycterus candidus (Miranda Ribeiro 1949) Latinization of Cândido, in honor of Brazilian entomologist José Cândido de Melo Carvalho (1914–1994), who collected holotype

Trichomycterus claudiae Barbosa & Costa 2010 in honor of botanist Claudia Petean Bove (b. 1961), the junior author’s wife, for help and companionship during trip that collected holotype and many other collecting trips during the last 18 years

Trichomycterus fuliginosus Barbosa & Costa 2010 Latin for sooty, referring to its color pattern

Trichomycterus garbei Costa, Azevedo-Santos & Katz 2023 in honor of Garman naturalist Ernst Garbe (1853–1925), who, between 1882 and the period just before his death, travelled through several Brazilian regions, including the Rio Grande drainage (where this catfish occurs), making a “rich” biological collection; he collected the type specimens of Imparfinis longicauda (Heptapteridae) at the type locality of this catfish

Trichomycterus listruroides Costa, Katz & Azevedo-Santos 2023 –oides, Neo-Latin from eī́dos (Gr. εἶδος), having the form of: superficially similar to the genus Listrura (Microcambevinae), including an elongate body, a rounded caudal fin that is continuous with the caudal peduncle forming a spatula-shaped tail, and an absence of pelvic fin and girdle

Trichomycterus macrotrichopterus Barbosa & Costa 2010 macro-, from makrós (Gr. μaκρóς), long or large; trichós (Gr. τριχός), genitive singular of thríx (θρίξ), hair; pterus, from pterón (Gr. πτερόν) or ptéryx (πτέρυξ), fin, referring to its long pectoral-fin filament

Trichomycterus maracaya Bockmann & Sazima 2004 Tupí-Guaraní name for the Margay Wild Cat, Leopardus wiedii, referring both blotched pigmentation pattern and its predatory habits on vertebrates (tadpoles)

Trichomycterus mariamole Barbosa & Costa 2010 local name for this catfish at type locality (Municípo de Resende, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Trichomycterus mimonha Costa 1992 local name for this catfish in the village of Piquete (Estado de São Paulo, Brazil), probably derived from the Tupí-Guaraní, its meaning unknown

Trichomycterus mirissumba Costa 1992 local name for this catfish in the village of Maromba (Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), probably derived from the Tupí-Guaraní, its meaning unknown

Trichomycterus novalimensis Barbosa & Costa 2010 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Município de Nova Lima, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil, type locality

Trichomycterus pirabitira Barbosa & Azevedo-Santos 2012 combination of the Tupí words pira, fish, and ybytyra, mountain, referring to the “peculiar habit” (habitat?) of the genus, whose members usually inhabit mountainous regions

Trichomycterus potschi Barbosa & Costa 2003 in honor of Brazilian herpetologist Sérgio Potsch, who first collected this species

Trichomycterus rubiginosus Barbosa & Costa 2010 Latin for rusty, referring to its predominant red or rusty color

Trichomycterus saturatus Costa, Katz & Azevedo-Santos 2023 Latin for saturated, referring to its color pattern consisting of numerous dark-brown dots concentrated over the whole flank, making the interspaces smaller than the areas occupied by overlapped dots

Trichomycterus uberabensis Costa, Azevedo-Santos & Katz 2023 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Rio Uberaba drainage (Minas Gerais State, Brazil), where it occurs

Trichomycterus vermiculatus (Eigenmann 1917) Latin for vermiculate (with wavy lines and markings), referring to “irregular vermiculations” on sides and back

Subgenus Humboldtglanis Costa 2021 in honor of Prussian geographer-naturalist Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), for his “valuable and pioneering contribution in studies on distribution, ecology, and conservation of mountain organisms,” alluding to occurrence in mountain rivers 1000 m above sea level; glánis (Gr. γλάνις), ancient name for a silurid catfish (probably Silurus aristotelis) dating to Aristotle, probably used here as a general term for catfish

Trichomycterus albinotatus Costa 1992 albus (L.), white; notatus (L.), marked, referring to white marks on upper body

Trichomycterus vitalbrazili Vilardo, Katz & Costa 2020 in honor of Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha (1865–1950), an “important” Brazilian biomedical scientist who first discovered the polyvalent anti-ophidic serum, successfully used to treat venomous snake bites, and founded the Vital Brazil Institute, through whose campus the type locality (mountain stream tributary to the Rio Grande drainage) flows

Subgenus Megacambeva Costa 2021 mégas (Gr. μέγας), big, referring to large size of T. giganteus; cambeva, vernacular name for trichomycterids in southern and southeastern Brazil, derived from the Tupi a’kãg, head, and pewa, flat, referring to their dorsally flattened heads

Trichomycterus giganteus Lima & Costa 2004 Latin for gigantic, referring to its large size (up to 204 mm SL), the biggest among congeners in southeastern Brazil

Subgenus Paracambeva Costa 2021 para- (Gr. παρά), near, referring to superficial resemblance to some species of Cambeva (e.g., Cambeva poikilos)

Trichomycterus adautoleitei Costa, Azevedo-Santos & Katz 2023 in honor of Antônio Adauto Leite (1927–2020), founder of the Museum of Indigenous Archaeology of Carmo do Rio Claro (Minas Gerais State, Brazil), which has a “rich” collection of archaeological pieces between 2,000 and 12,000 years old, mainly found in the region of the type locality of this species

Trichomycterus anaisae Katz & Costa 2021 in honor of Brazilian ichthyologist Maria Anaïs Barbosa, for her “fine contribution for our better knowledge on trichomycterines”

Trichomycterus antiquus Costa, Feltrin, Mattos & Katz 2024 Latin for old, referring to the relatively old estimated age of the species lineage in the Miocene when compared with the major species diversification of subgenus Paracambeva in the Pliocene

Trichomycterus coelhorum Costa, Azevedo-Santos & Katz 2023 –orum, commemorative suffix, plural: in honor of zoologist Paula Nunes Coelho for her help with the type series, and her family for logistical support during the authors’ studies in the region

Trichomycterus funebris Katz & Costa 2021 Latin for funereal, referring to rio das Mortes (“river of deaths”), Minas Gerais, Brazil, type locality

Trichomycterus humboldti Costa & Katz 2021 in honor of Prussian geographer-naturalist Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), for his “pioneering and inspiring insights on South American mountain biodiversity, as well as for being the first describer of a trichomycterine catfish”

Trichomycterus ingaiensis Katz & Costa 2021 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Rio Ingaí subdrainage (Minas Gerais, Brazil), where type locality (Ribeirão Malha Feijão) is situated

Trichomycterus itatiayae Miranda Ribeiro 1906 of the Itatiaia mountains, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, type locality

Trichomycterus luetkeni Katz & Costa 2021 in honor of Danish ichthyologist Christian Frederick Lütken (1827–1901), author of “Velhas-Flodens Fiske” (1875), an “important” contribution to the knowledge of taxonomy and natural history of freshwater fishes from the Rio São Francisco basin of Brazil, and in which the first species of the T. reinhardti group was recorded

Trichomycterus pauciradiatus Alencar & Costa 2006 paucus (L.), few or scanty; radiatus (L.), rayed, referring to reduced number of pelvic-fin rays (four)

Trichomycterus piratymbara Katz, Barbosa & Costa 2013 combination of the Tupí words pira, fish, and tymbara, to dig itself, referring its “peculiar habit” of hiding in the substrate

Trichomycterus reinhardti (Eigenmann 1917) patronym not identified but probably in honor of Danish zoologist Johannes Theodor Reinhardt (1816–1882), who proposed the trichomycterid genus Stegophilus (Stegophilinae) in 1859

Trichomycterus sainthilairei Katz & Costa 2021 in honor of French botanist Augustin François César Prouvençal de Saint-Hilaire (1779–1853), who traveled in Brazil (1816 and 1853) and collected fishes; his “accurate reports provide the finest 19th century picture of the landscape” of the type-locality region of this species

Trichomycterus septemradiatus Katz, Barbosa & Costa 2013 septem (L.), seven; radiatus (L.), rayed, referring to its seven pectoral-fin rays

Subgenus Psammocambeva Costa 2021 psámmos (Gr.) ψάμμος, sand, referring to sand-burying habits of T. travassosi and other included species; cambeva, vernacular name for trichomycterids in southern and southeastern Brazil, derived from the Tupi a’kãg, head, and pewa, flat, referring dorsally flattened head

Trichomycterus alternatus (Eigenmann 1917) Latin for alternated, referring to 10–14 large spots along middle of sides, frequently alternating with a series of spots above them and sometimes partly confluent with them, forming a longitudinal series or a series of irregular bars across the back

Trichomycterus altipombensis Costa, Katz, Vilardo & Mattos 2022 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: altus (L.), high or upper, referring to its occurrence in the upper section of the Rio Pomba, Paraíba do Sul basin, Santa Bárbara do Tigúrio Municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Trichomycterus astromycterus Reis, de Pinna & Pessali 2019 combination of Astroblepus (Astroblepidae) and Trichomycterus, referring to the “superficially similar aspect” between the two genera

Trichomycterus auroguttatus Costa 1992 aureus (L.), golden; guttatus (L.), spotted, referring to golden spots (alternating with dark spots) on posterior half of body, and a row of gold spots on midline of back, behind dorsal-fin base

Trichomycterus brigadeirensis Costa, Katz & Vilardo 2023 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Serra do Brigadeiro, Araponga Municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, where it occurs

Trichomycterus caparaoensis Costa, Barbosa & Katz 2023 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Serra do Caparaó, Araponga Municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, only known area of occurrence

Trichomycterus caratinguensis Costa, Katz & Vilardo 2023 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Rio Caratinga drainage, Rio Doce basin, southeastern Brazil, only known area of occurrence

Trichomycterus castelensis Costa, Katz & Vilardo 2023 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Serra do Castelo, Afonso Claudio, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, where it occurs

Trichomycterus caudofasciatus Alencar & Costa 2004 caudo-, from cauda (L.), tail; fasciatus (L.), banded, referring to four faint gray bars on caudal fin

Trichomycterus castelensis Costa, Katz & Vilardo 2023 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Serra do Castelo, Afonso Claudio, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, where it occurs

Trichomycterus diamantinensis Costa, Feltrin, Mattos & Katz 2024 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, Brazil), where type locality (rio da Bomba) is situated

Trichomycterus espinhacensis Costa & Katz 2023 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Serra do Espinhaço, an “important biodiversity centre of south-eastern Brazil,” where it occurs

Trichomycterus gasparinii Barbosa 2013 in honor of Brazilian zoologist João Luis Rosetti Gasparini, who first collected this species in 2001

Trichomycterus goeldii Boulenger 1896 in honor of Swiss-Brazilian zoologist Émil (or Emilio) Goeldi (1859–1917), Director of the Museo Paraense and author of numerous works on the natural history of Brazil, and/or his brother Andreas Goeldi, who provided a “set of the fishes” from Organ Mountain, Brazil, “which appears to produce but six species” (including this one)

Trichomycterus immaculatus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889) im-, from in– (L.), not; maculatus (L.), spotted, presumably referring to uniform blackish-brown coloration (compared with the spotted T. oroyae, described in the same publication)

Trichomycterus ipatinga Reis & de Pinna 2022 named for Ipatinga, a city in Minas Gerais, Brazil, where the rio Piracicaba River joins the rio Doce, presumably near type locality

Trichomycterus itacambirussu Triques & Vono 2004 Latinization of Itacambiruçu, rio Jequitinhonha tributary (Minas Gerais State, Brazil), type locality; composed of the Tupí-Guraní words ita, stone; kamby, milk and probably açú, large, meaning large stone producing milk

Trichomycterus jacupiranga Wosiacki & Oyakawa 2005 named for the type locality, Parque Estadual de Jacupiranga (Cajati, São Paulo, Brazil), from indigenous Tupí language name for a species of bird native to the region (Penelope obscura, Cracidae), commonly known as the dusky-legged guan (yaku, bird; piranga, red)

Trichomycterus landinga Triques & Vono 2004 local name for this catfish in Coronel Murta, Minas Gerais, Brazil, type locality

Trichomycterus largoperculatus Costa & Katz 2022 largus (L.), large; operculatus (L.), furnished with a lid, referring to its broad opercular odontode patch resulting from the high number of odontodes, unique among congeners

Trichomycterus longibarbatus Costa 1992 longus (L.), long; barbatus (L.), bearded, referring to its long nasal barbels

Trichomycterus macrophthalmus Barbosa & Costa 2012 big-eyed, from makrós (Gr. μακρός), long or large, and ophthalmós (Gr. ὀφθαλμός), eye, referring to its large eye, an “uncommon condition” in Trichomycterus

Trichomycterus melanopygius Reis, dos Santos, Britto, Assis Volpi & de Pinna 2020 dark-rumped, from mélas (Gr. μέλας), dark or black, and pygidion, Neo-Latin diminutive of pygḗ (Gr. πυγή), rump (i.e., the caudal part of an animal), referring to dark horizontal stripe along caudal fin

Trichomycterus mimosensis Barbosa 2013 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Mimoso do Sul, Espírito Santo, Brazil, type locality

Trichomycterus pantherinus Alencar & Costa 2004 Latin for panther-like, referring to its color pattern (small dark brown to black rounded spots on a light orangish yellow body)

Trichomycterus paquequerensis (Miranda Ribeiro 1943) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Rio Paquequer Grande, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, type locality

Trichomycterus pradensis Sarmento-Soares, Martins-Pinheiro, Aranda & Chamon 2005 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: río do Prado, upstream stretch of río Jucuruçu, Bahia State, Brazil, type locality

Trichomycterus puriventris Barbosa & Costa 2012 purus (L.), clean, unstained or unspotted; ventris, genitive of venter (L.), belly, referring to absence of dark pigmentation below lateral midline of body

Trichomycterus saquarema Costa, Katz, Vilardo & Amorim 2022 named for the Lagoa de Saquarema system, Saquarema Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, where type locality (rio Roncador) is situated

Trichomycterus tantalus Reis, Vieira & de Pinna 2022 from the Ancient Greek mythological figure Tantalos, symbolic of eternal torment, referring to the hypertrophied opercular patch of odontodes in this species, the largest among species of Trichomycterus in the rio Doce basin (Minas Gerais, Brazil)

Trichomycterus tete Barbosa & Costa 2011 local name for this catfish in northeastern (Bahia) Brazil

Trichomycterus travassosi (Miranda Ribeiro 1949) in honor of Brazilian helminthologist-entomologist Lauro Travassos (1890–1970), who collected holotype

Trichomycterus trefauti Wosiacki 2004 in honor of Brazilian herpetologist Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues (b. 1953), who discovered this species and collected holotype

Trichomycterus vinnulus Reis & de Pinna 2022 Latin for delightful, one of the most beautiful species of Trichomycterus from the Rio Doce basin (Minas Gerais, Brazil) in terms of color and body shape

Subgenus Incertae sedis

Trichomycterus aguarague  Fernández & Osinaga 2006 named for Aguarague National Park, Río Paraná system, Tarija, Bolivia, where it is endemic

Trichomycterus alterus (Marini, Nichols & La Monte 1933) Latin for another, second or next, allusion not explained nor evident

Trichomycterus ardilai Ardila Rodríguez 2023 in honor of Rubén Ardila (b. 1942), “one of the Fathers of Psychology in Colombia, for his enthusiastic, altruistic and academic research” (translation)

Trichomycterus areolatus Valenciennes 1846 Latin for with small spaces, referring to patches of “areolar tissue” (translation) on throat, breast and back that appear scale-like on an otherwise scaleless body

Trichomycterus arhuaco Ardila Rodríguez 2016 named for the Arhuaco, indigenous people of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, where this catfish occurs [possibly conspecific with T. montesi ]

Trichomycterus arleoi (Fernández-Yépez 1972) in honor of Octavio Arleo Pignatoro (1920–2005), former collector and taxidermist for the Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Caracas, who collected this catfish with Fernández-Yépez in 1949

Trichomycterus atochae (Allen 1942) of Río de Atocha, Bolivia, type locality

Trichomycterus bahianus Costa 1992 –anus (L.), belonging to: Bahia State, Brazil, where type locality (tributary of Ribeirão Caveira, rio Una basin) is situated

Trichomycterus ballesterosi Ardila Rodríguez 2011 in honor of biologist Jesús Ballesteros Correa, University of Córdoba (Colombia), who collected holotype

Trichomycterus banneaui (Eigenmann 1912) in honor of Henri Banneau, a “commercial traveler” from Paris, “familiar with all the traveled parts of South America” and “enthusiastic over fishing,” whose crew on the steamer of the Magdalena River in Colombia “secured valuable material,” and who himself “entered actively into the work of collecting” and relieved Eigenmann “entirely of the vexations of handling” his baggage

Trichomycterus barbouri (Eigenmann 1911) in honor of American herpetologist Thomas Barbour (1884– 1946), later director of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, who obtained holotype in La Paz, Bolivia, from a “person who had been prospecting along the Beni River”

Trichomycterus barrocus Reis & de Pinna 2022 Latinized adjective from the Portuguese barroco, originally designating a pearl of irregular shape, here referring to the “baroque-style beauty” of this species

Trichomycterus belensis Fernández & Vari 2002 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Departmento Bélen, Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina, type locality

Trichomycterus bogotensis (Eigenmann 1912) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: “On the plains of Bogata” [Colombia], elevation nearly 2,743 m, type locality

Trichomycterus bomboizanus (Tortonese 1942) –anus (L.), belonging to: Río Bomboiza, Ecuador, type locality

Trichomycterus borellii Boulenger 1897 in honor of French-born Italian zoologist Alfredo Borelli (1858–1943), Università di Torino, who led three expeditions to South America and collected many animals, including holotype of this one

Trichomycterus boylei (Nichols 1956) in honor of American ornithologist Howarth S. Boyle (1894–1951), Nichols’ friend and colleague at the American Museum of Natural History, who collected holotype

Trichomycterus brucutu Reis & de Pinna 2022 Brazilian Portuguese slang for rustic, rough or brute, referring to its thick, deep body and caudal peduncle

Trichomycterus cachiraensis Ardila Rodríguez 2008 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Municipio Cáchira, Departemento de Norte de Santandar, Colombia, type locality

Trichomycterus calai Ardila Rodríguez 2019 in honor of the “eminent” (translation) scientist Plutarco Cala Cala (b. 1938), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, founder the Asociacion Colombiana de Ictiologos (ACICTIOS) and recipient of its highest honor, “EI Pez Dorado al Merito”

Trichomycterus caliensis (Eigenmann 1912) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Cali, Colombia, type locality

Trichomycterus casitaensis Ardila Rodríguez 2017 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Casitas, Abrego, Department of Norte de Santander, Colombia, type locality [possibly a junior synonym of T. ocanaensis]

Trichomycterus catamarcensis Fernández & Vari 2000 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Catamarca Province, Argentina, where type locality (stream tributary to Laguna Blanca) is situated

Trichomycterus celsae Lasso & Provenzano 2003 in honor of herpetologist Josefa Celsa Señaris (b. 1965), for her “continuous and laborious assistance” (translation) in the collection of fishes in the Guyana Shield of Venezuela

Trichomycterus cerritoensis Ardila Rodríguez 2018 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: municipio de El Cerrito, Departamento de Santander, Colombia, type locality [possibly conspecific with T. sucrensis ]

Trichomycterus chaberti Durand 1968 in honor of French cave explorer Jacques Chabert, who helped collect holotype

Trichomycterus chapadensis Katz and Costa 2021 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Chapada dos Guimarães, a plateau surrounding the northern Pantanal (Mato Grosso, Brazil), where it occurs

Trichomycterus chapmani (Eigenmann 1912) patronym not identified; Eigenmann mentioned a “Dr. F. M. Chapman” in a 1942 publication , who was a traveling companion in South America, perhaps ornithologist Frank M. Chapman (1864-1945), American Museum of Natural History

Trichomycterus chiltoni (Eigenmann 1928) in honor of Col. M. A. Chilton, military attaché of the American Embassy in Santiago de Chile, who toured the “Switzerland of Chile” (i.e., Chilean Lake District in southern Chile, defined by its many lakes in the Andean foothills) with Eigenmann

Trichomycterus choroloensis Ardila Rodríguez 2024 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Cueva de Choroló (a cave), municipio de Curití, Santander, Colombia, type locality

Trichomycterus chungaraensis Arratia 1983 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: streams of Chungará Lake, Chile, where it is endemic

Trichomycterus conradi (Eigenmann 1912) in honor of Bernard S. Conrad, Georgetown, Washington, D.C. (USA), who “greatly assisted the expedition [during which holotype was collected] with advice and guidance,” and introduced Eigenmann to “other gentlemen, who aided [him] in a variety of ways”

Trichomycterus corduvensis Weyenbergh 1877 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Córdoba (also spelled Córdova), Santa Fe, Argentina, type locality

Trichomycterus curitiensis Ardila Rodríguez 2024 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Quebrada Curití, afluente del río Fonce, municipio de San Gil, Departamento de Santander, Colombia, type locality

Trichomycterus dali Rizzato, Costa, Trajano & Bichuette 2011 named for Spanish artist Salvador Dali (1904–1989), referring to his famously long moustache and this species’ very long barbels [a noun in apposition, without the patronymic “i”]

Trichomycterus dispar (Tschudi 1846) Latin for unlike or dissimilar, referring to its sexual dimorphism, with monochromatic males and spotted females

Trichomycterus donascimientoi Castellanos-Morales 2018 in honor of Venezuelan ichthyologist Carlos DoNascimiento (b. 1973), for his “invaluable orientation” in the author’s research into Trichomycterus

Trichomycterus dorsostriatus (Eigenmann 1917) dorso-, from dorsalis (L.), of the back; striatus (L.) striped, presumably referring to dark band or row of spots from just above gill opening to base of upper caudal-fin lobe [appeared initially as dorsotriatum(us), presumed to be a typographical error]

Trichomycterus duellmani Arratia & Menu-Marque 1984 in honor of American herpetologist William E. Duellman (1930–2022), University of Kansas, collector of many South American fishes during 1974-1975

Trichomycterus emanueli (Schultz 1944) in honor of Juan F. Emanuel, former governor of the district of Goajira (Venezuela), who acted as Schultz’ guide in much of his collecting in the lowlands of the Maracaibo Basin

Trichomycterus fassli (Steindachner 1915) in honor of Anton Heinrich Hermann Fassl (1876-1922), German commercial butterfly and beetle collector, who collected holotype, for his services to zoological research in Bolivia [Steindachner later changed spelling to fasslii, but original spelling stands]

Trichomycterus ferreri Ardila Rodríguez 2018 in honor of the “eminent scientist” (translation) Jorge de Jesus Ferrer Castellanos, for his contributions to Colombian botany and zoology; he also helped collect holotype [possibly a junior synonym of T. mogotensis]

Trichomycterus gabrieli (Myers 1926) of Sao Gabriel rapids, rio Negro, Brazil, type locality

Trichomycterus gairaensis Ardila Rodríguez 2018 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: rio Gaira, Municipio de Santa Marta, Departamento del Magdalena, Colombia, type locality

Trichomycterus galvisi Ardila Rodríguez 2024 in honor of Colombian journalist Alejandro Galvis Galvis (1891–1981), who was born in the municipality (Curití) where this catfish occurs; he founded Vanguardia Liberal (1919), the leading newspaper of the Santander region, and later served as a politician, a secretary of defense, and ambassador of Colombia in Mexico, Venezuela and Spain

Trichomycterus gambitaensis Ardila Rodríguez 2023 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: the “beautiful” (translation) municipality of Gámbita, Departamento de Santander, Colombia, where type locality is situated, and homeland of the “great” (translation) Colombian musician Luis Antonio Calvo (1882–1945)

Trichomycterus garciamarquezi Ardila Rodríguez 2016 in honor of Nobel Prize-winning novelist Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1927–2014), who was born in the area of Colombia bordered by the rivers Tucurinca and Aracataca, where this catfish occurs

Trichomycterus giarettai Barbosa & Katz 2016 in honor of Brazilian herpetologist Ariovaldo A. Giaretta (b. 1966) Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (Brazil), who collected holotype

Trichomycterus gorgona Fernández & Schaefer 2005 named for Gorgona Island, Colombia, where it is known from only one stream

Trichomycterus guianensis (Eigenmann 1909) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Guyana, referring to type locality, Aruataima Falls, upper Potaro River

Trichomycterus heterodontus (Eigenmann 1917) héteros (Gr. ἕτερος), different; odontos, Latinized and grammatically adjusted from the nominative odoús (Gr. ὀδούς), tooth, referring to three series of teeth on each jaw: narrow incisors on outer row, much smaller incisors on second row, conic on the third

Trichomycterus hualco Fernández & Vari 2009 named for the Río Hualco, Provincia de La Rioja, Argentina, type locality

Trichomycterus illuvies Reis & de Pinna 2022 Latin for filth, dirt or flood, referring to the “environmental mayhem” caused by the mining company Samarco SA on the Rio Doce (Minas Gerais, Brazil), in whose basin this catfish occurs; the name is a “long-term reminder of the catastrophe suffered by that hydrographic basin”

Trichomycterus itacarambiensis Trajano & de Pinna 1996 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Município de Itacarambi (Minas Gerais State, Brazil), location of Olhos d’Agua cave, only known area of occurrence

Trichomycterus jatobensis Costa 2021 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: rio Jatobá, subdrainage, Rio Xingu drainage (Mato Grosso, Brazil), where it occurs

Trichomycterus jequitinhonhae Triques & Vono 2004 of the rio Jequitinhonha (Minas Gerais State, Brazil), where this catfish is endemic; name is a combination of the Tupí-Guaraní words jequi, a type of fish trap, and nhonha, an old local word meaning fish (the combination of the two words means fishes are in the trap)

Trichomycterus kankuamo Ardila Rodríguez 2016 named for the Kankuamo, the indigenous people of the Atlinquez subdivision, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Municipio de Valledupar, Colombia, where this catfish occurs [possibly a junior synonym of T. maracaiboensis]

Trichomycterus knerii Steindachner 1882 patronym not identified but clearly in honor of Austrian ichthyologist Rudolf Kner (1810–1869), who was Steindachner’s teacher and friend (and who studied trichomycterid fishes)

Trichomycterus latidens (Eigenmann 1917) latus (L.), broad or wide; dens (L.), tooth, an odd choice for a name since Eigenmann described teeth as “thin, chisel-shaped”

Trichomycterus latistriatus (Eigenmann 1917) latus (L.), broad or wide; striatus (L.), striped, presumably referring to lateral band that widens as it extends from above opercle to middle of caudal fin

Trichomycterus laucaensis Arratia 1983 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Río Lauca system, Parinacota, northern Chile, where it is endemic

Trichomycterus lauryi Donin, Ferrer & Carvalho 2020 in memory of Laury João Donin, the first author’s father

Trichomycterus lauzannii Miranda & Fernández 2020 in honor of French ichthyologist Laurent Lauzanne, one of the first to work systematically on Bolivian fishes

Trichomycterus lewi Lasso & Provenzano 2003 in honor of zoologist Daniel Lew, member of expedition during which holotype was collected, for contributions to the knowledge and conservation of biodiversity in the Guyana Shield of Venezuela

Trichomycterus macareguaensis Ardila Rodríguez 2024 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Cueva Macaregua (a cave), municipio de Curití, Santander, Colombia, type locality [misspelled macaraguaensis in header to description]

Trichomycterus maldonadoi Ardila Rodríguez 2011 in honor of Javier Alejandro Maldonado-Ocampo (1977–2019), for his dedication to Colombian ichthyology (sadly, he was killed when crossing a river in a small boat; the boat overturned and he was swept downstream)

Trichomycterus manaurensis Ardila Rodríguez 2016 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: municipio de Manaure, Departamento del Cesar, Colombia, type locality [possibly conspecific with T. torcoromaensis]

Trichomycterus maracaiboensis (Schultz 1944) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Lake Maracaibo basin, Venezuela, where type locality is situated

Trichomycterus megantoni Fernández & Chuquihuamaní 2007 of Santuario Nacional Machiguenga Megantoni (Ucayali basin, Peru), where type locality is situated

Trichomycterus meridae Regan 1903 of Merida, elevation 3500 m, Venezuela, type locality

Trichomycterus migrans (Dahl 1960) Latin for migrating, referring to the “mass wanderings” of ~40,000 specimens observed by Dahl, which turned the river water a milky white, apparently from their milt

Trichomycterus minus Fernández & Vari 2012 Latinization of the Anglo-Saxon mine, referring to mining activities common in part of the Province of Catamarca, Argentina, where it is endemic

Trichomycterus mogotensis Ardila Rodríguez 2017 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: municipio de Mogotes (Tesoro Natural), Departamento del Santander, Colombia, where type locality is situated

Trichomycterus mondolfi (Schultz 1945) in honor of Venezuelan biologist Egardo Mondolfi (1918–1999), who helped collect holotype and sent specimens to Schultz for study

Trichomycterus montesi Ardila Rodríguez 2016 in honor of Colombian herpetologist Andrés Camilo Montes Correa, Universidad del Magdalena, who collected holotype with the author [possibly conspecific with T. arhuaco]

Trichomycterus motatanensis (Schultz 1944) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Motatan River system, Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela, type locality

Trichomycterus nabusimakensis Ardila Rodríguez 2018 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Nabusimake, name used by Arhuaco indigenous people for Valle de San Sebastian de Rabago, Departamento del Cesar [actually, Magdalena], Colombia, where type locality is situated

Trichomycterus nietoi Ardila Rodríguez 2014 in honor of Luis Eduardo Nieto Alvarado, Universidad del Magdalena, for contributions to Colombian ichthyology

Trichomycterus nigromaculatus Boulenger 1887 nigro-, from niger (L.), dark or black; maculatus (L.), spotted, referring to numerous black spots of unequal size on body

Trichomycterus ocanaensis Ardila Rodríguez 2011 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: municipality of Ocaña, Department of Norte de Santander, Colombia, type locality

Trichomycterus oroyae (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889) of Rio Oroya, Pochachara, Brazil, type locality

Trichomycterus piurae (Eigenmann 1922) of Piura, Peru, type locality (also endemic to Piura River basin)

Trichomycterus pseudosilvinichthys Fernández & Vari 2004 pseudo-, from pseúdēs (Gr. ψεύδης), false, i.e., although similar in external appearance to the related Silvinichthys, such an appearance is false

Trichomycterus puna Fernández, Contrera & Andreoli Bize 2023 named for Puna (of Quechuan origin), the geological province where this catfish occurs

Trichomycterus punctatissimus Castelnau 1855 superlative of punctatus (L.), spotted, i.e., very spotted, referring to tiny dark brown dots fully covering body and fins

Trichomycterus punctulatus Valenciennes 1846 diminutive of punctum (L.), spot, i.e., having tiny spots, presumably referring to “numerous brown spots advancing on the tail and even on the back” (translation)

Trichomycterus quechuorum (Steindachner 1900) etymology not explained, probably –orum (L.), commemorative suffix, plural: named for the Quecha indigenous people of South America, particularly of Peru, where it is endemic

Trichomycterus ramosus Fernández 2000 Latin for having many branches, referring to branched nasal and maxillary barbels

Trichomycterus regani (Eigenmann 1917) in honor of English ichthyologist Charles Tate Regan (1878–1943), Natural History Museum (London), who reported this species as Pygidium (=Trichomycterus) taenia in 1913

Trichomycterus retropinnis Regan 1903 retro– (L.), back; pinnis, Neo-Latin adjective of pinna (L.), i.e., finned, referring to origin of dorsal fin above or slightly behind anal opening (compared with before anal fin opening as in T. meridae, described in the same publication)

Trichomycterus riojanus (Berg 1897) –anus (L.), belonging to: Cordillera [mountain range] de La Rioja, Argentina, where it is endemic

Trichomycterus rivulatus Valenciennes 1846 Latin for marked by irregular streaks, referring to “white flexing and wavy lines, forming well-marked rivulets” (translation) on brown body

Trichomycterus roigi Arratia & Menu-Marque 1984 in honor of Argentinian zoologist Arturo Roig, who collected holotype

Trichomycterus romeroi (Fowler 1941) in honor of fish culturist Augusto Romero Padilla, Cundinamarca Department, Colombia

Trichomycterus rosablanca Mesa S., Lasso, Ochoa & DoNascimiento 2018 named for the Rosablanca karstic formation, where type locality (Las Sardinas Cave, El Peñón, Santander, Colombia) is situated

Trichomycterus rubbioli Bichuette & Rizzato 2012 in honor of Brazilian speleologist Ezio Rubbioli (b. 1964), the first explorer of Serra do Ramalho caves, who brought this species to the authors’ attention [a noun in apposition, without the patronymic “i”]

Trichomycterus ruitoquensis Ardila Rodríguez 2007 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Ruitoque, a village in the municipality of Floridablanca, Santander Department, Colombia, where Ardila Rodríguez spent his childhood and youth collecting, studying and comparing fishes in rivers and streams (and near where this catfish occurs)

Trichomycterus sanchezi Ardila Rodríguez 2024 in honor of Eduardo Sánchez Uribe, the author’s field companion for several decades in the Andean, Pacific and Colombian Caribbean Regions, and who helped collect holotype

Trichomycterus sandovali Ardila Rodríguez 2006 in honor of poet Juan Sandoval Tarazona, from the author’s hometown of Floridablanca (Santander, Columbia), and namesake of the cave (Don Juan Cave) where it occurs

Trichomycterus santanderensis Castellanos-Morales 2007 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place; Santander Department, Colombia, where this catfish is known from the El Puente Cave in the upper Lebrija River drainage

Trichomycterus santuarioensis Ardila Rodríguez 2024 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Cueva El Santuario (a cave), municipio de Curití, Santander, Colombia, type locality

Trichomycterus simacotaensis Ardila Rodríguez 2024 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: municipio de Simacota, Santander, Colombia, where type locality (Cueva Hacienda Santa Bárbara, a cave) is situated

Trichomycterus sketi Castellanos-Morales 2011 in honor of Slovenian zoologist Boris Sket (1936–2023), who reported the existence of this species in his speleobiological investigation of the Colombian Andes (1988)

Trichomycterus spectrum DoNascimiento & Prada-Pedreros 2020 Latin for an apparition or spectre, referring to its “spectral-like appearance” (eyeless and whitish) and to the “dark and lugubrious habitat” where it lives (a cave)

Trichomycterus spegazzinii (Berg 1897) in honor of Italian-Argentinian botanist and mycologist Carlos Luigi Spegazzini (1858–1926), who collected holotype

Trichomycterus spelaeus DoNascimiento, Villarreal & Provenzano 2001 Latin for of a cave, referring to Punto Fijo Cave, upper Guasare River basin, Venezuela, only known area of occurrence

Trichomycterus spilosoma (Regan 1913) spílos (Gr. σπίλος), spot; sṓma (Gr. σῶμα), body, referring to dark-brown spots on body (and fins)

Trichomycterus steindachneri DoNascimiento, Prada-Pedreros & Guerrero-Kommritz 2014 in honor of “prominent” Austrian ichthyologist Franz Steindachner (1834–1919), for a lifetime of work documenting fish biodiversity, especially that from South America; his “profuse morphological descriptions mainly contributed to settle the current standard in ichthyological taxonomic works”

Trichomycterus stellatus (Eigenmann 1918) Latin for studded with stars, presumably referring to variable number of dark spots, smaller than the eye, above lateral stripe and below it on the tail

Trichomycterus straminius (Eigenmann 1917) presumed misspelling of stramineus (L.), straw-like, referring to its uniform straw coloration in alcohol

Trichomycterus striatus (Meek & Hildebrand 1913) Latin for striped, referring to two dark bands from upper angle of opercle to middle of caudal-fin base

Trichomycterus sucrensis Ardila Rodríguez 2018 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Municipio de Sucre, Departamento de Santander, Colombia, where this catfish appears to be endemic [possibly conspecific with T. cerritoensis]

Trichomycterus taczanowskii Steindachner 1882 in honor of Polish zoologist Władysław (or Ladislas) Taczanowski (1819–1890), who facilitated the shipment of specimens to Steindachner

Trichomycterus taenia Kner 1863 named for its striking similarity in size and color to the Eurasian loach Cobitis taenia (Cobitidae)

Trichomycterus taeniops Fowler 1954 etymology not explained, probably ṓps (Gr. ὦψ), eye or face (i.e., appearance), referring to slender and elongated body shape, similar to that of the Eurasian loach Cobitis taenia (Cobitidae) [replacement name for Pygidium tenue Fowler 1945, preoccupied by T. tenuis Weyenbergh 1877]

Trichomycterus tenuis Weyenbergh 1877 Latin for thin or slender, referring to its “highly compressed” (translation) body shape

Trichomycterus tetuanensis García-Melo, Villa-Navarro & DoNascimiento 2016 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: río Tetuán, upper río Magdalena basin, Colombia, type locality

Trichomycterus therma Fernández & Miranda 2007 from thermós (Gr. θερμός), hot, named for the Greek city of Therma, known for its hot springs, reference to its habitat in thermal water (>35°C)

Trichomycterus tiraquae (Fowler 1940) of Tiraque, Cochabamba Department, Bolivia, type locality

Trichomycterus triguttatus (Eigenmann 1918) tri– (L.), three; guttatus (L.), spotted, referring to three rows of spots: along middle of sides, along middle of back, and in between [may belong in Microcambeva, Microcambevinae]

Trichomycterus torcoromaensis Ardila Rodríguez 2016 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Torcoroma, a brook in the municipality of Ocaña, Department of Norte de Santander, Colombia, type locality [possibly conspecific with T. manaurensis]

Trichomycterus transandianus (Steindachner 1915) trans (L.), over or beyond; andianus (L.), belonging to the Andes, referring to its type locality in the mountains of central Columbia (elevation 1800 m), compared with the western slope distribution of T. taenia in Ecuador

Trichomycterus uisae Castellanos-Morales 2008 of UIS, acronym of Universidad Industrial de Santander (Departamento de Santander, Colombia), near where this catfish occurs and where some of the paratypes are housed

Trichomycterus unicolor (Regan 1913) uni-, from unus (L.), one, referring to its uniform coloration (compared with the spotted T. spilosoma, described in the same publication)

Trichomycterus valleduparensis Ardila Rodríguez 2018 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: the “beautiful” (translation) city of Valledupar, Departamento del Cesar, Colombia, where type locality (Río Guatapuri) is situated

Trichomycterus varii Fernández & Andreoli Bize 2018 in honor of Richard P. Vari (1949–2016), National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (Washington, D.C., USA), for his “outstanding” contribution to the knowledge of the South American freshwater fishes, especially those from the Andes

Trichomycterus vittatus Regan 1903 Latin for banded, referring to dark longitudinal stripe along middle of sides

Trichomycterus weyrauchi (Fowler 1945) in honor of German malacologist Wolfgang K. Weyrauch (1907–1970), who collected holotype

Trichomycterus wiwa Ardila Rodríguez 2018 named for the Wiwa, an indigenous community in Marocaso, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Municipio de San Juan del Cesar, Departamento de la Guajira, Colombia, where this catfish appears to be endemic

Trichomycterus yuska Fernández & Schaefer 2003 native name for this catfish in northwest Argentina

Trichomycterus zapatocaensis Ardila Rodríguez 2023 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: the “beautiful” (translation) municipality of Zapatoca, Departamento de Santander, Colombia, where type locality (Cueva del Nitro) is situated

---

Atlantic Forest Trichomycterids
Subfamily MICROCAMBEVINAE Costa, Henschel & Katz 2020

Listrura de Pinna 1988 listron (Gr. λίστρον), shovel; ourá (Gr. οὐρά), tail, referring to numerous accessory rays on tail, which make the caudal region shovel-shaped

Subgenus Listrura

Listrura costai Villa-Verde, Lazzarotto & Lima 2012 in honor of Brazilian ichthyologist Wilson J. E. M. Costa (b. 1958), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, for significant contributions to neotropical ichthyology, including the study of trichomycterid catfishes

Listrura macaensis Costa & Katz 2021 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Rio Macaé basin, Município de Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, only known area of occurrence

Listrura macacuensis Costa & Katz 2021 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Rio Macacu basin, Município de Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, only known area of occurrence

Listrura menezesi Villa-Verde, de Pinna, Reis & Oyakawa 2022 in honor of Naércio Aquino Menezes (b. 1937), Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, for his “wide-ranging contributions to neotropical ichthyology and pivotal role in the development of ichthyology in Brazil. The dedication is compounded by his participation in the first expedition which discovered [this] new taxon.”

Listrura nematopteryx de Pinna 1988 nḗmatos (Gr. νήματος), threaded; ptéryx (πτέρυξ), wing or fin, referring to its extremely narrow, one-rayed, filamentous pectoral fin

Listrura picinguabae Villa-Verde & Costa 2006 of Picinguaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, type locality

Subgenus Paralistrura Costa & Katz 2021 para– (Gr. παρά), near, referring to its sister phylogenetic position to the subgenus Listrura

Listrura tetraradiata Landim & Costa 2002 tetrá (Gr. τετρά), four; radiata (L.), rayed, referring to four pectoral-fin rays, diagnostic of this species

Subgenus Prolistrura Costa & Katz 2021 pro- (L.), before (but also used in the sense of “primitive,” referring to its phylogenetic position as sister to a clade including the other two subgenera of Listrura

Listrura bernunssa Medeiros, Donin, Ferrer, Lima & de Pinna 2024 named for Bernunça, a legendary creature, reminiscent of a dragon, crocodile or bogeyman, reported for devouring disobedient children, from the traditional folklore of the coastal region of Santa Catarina (Brazil), where this catfish occurs

Listrura boticario de Pinna & Wosiacki 2002 named for the O Boticario Foundation, which owns and maintains the private nature preserve in Guaraqueçaba (Paraná State, Brazil), where this catfish was found

Listrura camposi (Miranda Ribeiro 1957) in honor of Brazilian ichthyologist Antonia Amaral Campos (1900–1952), Departmento de Zoologia da Secretaria da Agricultuea do Estado se São Paulo, who collected holotype [preferably spelled camposae since name honors a woman, but ICZN 32.5.1 forbids such a correction]

Listrura depinnai Villa-Verde, Ferrer & Malabarba 2014 in honor of Brazilian ichthyologist Mário C. C. de Pinna, Universidade de São Paulo, for “significant” contributions to the knowledge of fish systematics, especially of trichomycterid catfishes

Listrura gyrinura Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2023 tadpole-tailed, from gyrī́nos (Gr. γυρῖνος), tadpole, and ourá (Gr. οὐρά), tail, referring to the shape of its caudal fin and caudal peduncle, similar to that of a tadpole

Listrura urussanga Costa, Feltrin & Katz 2023 named for Lagoa Urussanga Velha, rio Urussanga basin, Santa Catarina, Brazil, near where type locality (a tributary stream) is situated; name is probably derived from a Tupi-Guarani word meaning “very cold water”

Microcambeva Costa & Bockmann 1994 micro-, from mikrós (Gr. μικρός), small, referring to size of M. barbata (up to 2.6 cm SL); cambeva, vernacular name for trichomycterids in southern and southeastern Brazil, derived from the Tupi a’kãg, head, and pewa, flat, referring dorsally flattened head

Subgenus Microcambeva

Microcambeva barbata Costa & Bockmann 1994 Latin for bearded, referring to pair of barbel-like structures on ventral surface of head, a condition then recorded only from Malacoglanis gelatinosus and one specimen of Stenoclimus sarmientoi

Microcambeva draco Mattos & Lima 2010 Latin for dragon, from drákōn (Gr. δράκων), referring to the dragon-like “aspect” of its head

Microcambeva jucuensis Costa, Katz, Mattos & Rangel-Pereira 2019 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: rio Jucu basin, Viana, Espírito Santo, Brazil, only known area of occurrence

Microcambeva mucuriensis Costa, Katz, Mattos & Rangel-Pereira 2019 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: rio Mucuri, Mucuri, Bahia, Brazil, only known area of occurrence

Microcambeva watu Medeiros, Sarmento-Soares & Lima 2021 Krenak (indigenous people who live on the margins of the rio Doce, at Aymorés, Minas Gerais, Brazil) name for the rio Doce, meaning “sacred big river”; in Krenak cosmogony, natural elements (e.g., rivers, mountains, trees, caves) have a mythological aspect, and one of the most important natural elements is Watu, the river where this catfish occurs

Subgenus Pterocambeva Costa & Katz 2021 ptero, from pterón (Gr. πτερόν), wing or fin, referring to broad and slightly curved margin of first pectoral-fin ray, resembling a bird wing, with deep gaps on the fin membrane resembling feathers; cambeva (see nominate genus)

Microcambeva bendego Medeiros, Moreira, de Pinna & Lima 2020 named for Bendegó, the second-largest meteorite discovered in Brazil; found in 1794, it was transported to the Museu Nacional in 1888, where it survived a devastating fire in 2018 and remained intact at the main entrance of the museum, where it was seen by the crowd that gathered the day after the fire, “becoming a symbol of the resistance of the institution,” an “homage” to the museum’s employees and students, and an allusion to the “resilience” of this catfish in the Atlantic Forest basin, which is severely impacted by anthropogenic actions (also, holotype is housed at the Museu Nacional, whose fish collection, kept elsewhere, was not affected by the fire)

Microcambeva ribeirae Costa, Lima & Bizerril 2004 of the rio Ribeira do Iguape basin, southeastern Brazil, type locality

Subgenus Trichocambeva Costa & Katz 2021 trichós (Gr. τριχός), genitive singular of thríx (θρίξ), hair, referring to long barbels and long pectoral-fin filament; cambeva (see nominate genus)

Microcambeva filamentosa Costa, Katz & Vilardo 2020 Latin for filamentous, referring to its long barbels and pectoral-fin filament, unique among congeners

---

Candirus or Hematophagous Catfishes
Subfamily VANDELLIINAE Bleeker 1862

Paracanthopoma Giltay 1935 pará (Gr. παρά), near, referring to similarity to Acanthopoma (Stegophilinae), both of which possess united gill membranes that are free from the isthmus

Paracanthopoma ahriman de Pinna & Dagosta 2022 named for Ahriman, Persian name of Angra Mainyu, the maker of snakes, demons and all things evil from a human standpoint (thus, presumably also candirus) in the Zoroastrian religion, approximately equivalent to, and probably historical ancestor of, the devil in Abrahamic mythology

Paracanthopoma cangussu Henschel, Katz & Costa 2021 named for the Canguçu Research Centre, managed by the Federal University of Tocantins (Brazil), for their support of the authors’ study

Paracanthopoma capeta de Pinna & Dagosta 2022 Portuguese vernacular (probably a combination of capa, cape, and ‑eta, a diminutive suffix) meaning the devil (i.e., an evil fish from a human standpoint)

Paracanthopoma carrapata de Pinna & Dagosta 2022 feminine declension of carrapato, Portuguese name for bloodsucking ticks in general, alluding to this catfish’s hematophagous habits

Paracanthopoma daemon de Pinna & Dagosta 2022 from daímōn (Gr. δαίμων), “supernatural entities hierarchically between gods and mortals, including inferior divinities and ghosts of some dead men,” i.e., a demonic fish from a human standpoint

Paracanthopoma irritans de Pinna & Dagosta 2022 Latin for irritating, taken from the name of the human flea, Pulex irritans, also a hematophagous species

Paracanthopoma malevola de Pinna & Dagosta 2022 Latin for ill-disposed or inimical, i.e., an unfriendly fish from a human standpoint

Paracanthopoma parva Giltay 1935 Latin for small, described at 25 mm

Paracanthopoma saci Dagosta & de Pinna 2021 named for the SACI expedition (South American Characiform Inventory), which collected the first known specimen of this catfish; “Appropriately, Saci is also the name of a Brazilian rural folklore supernatural entity (complete name: saci-pererê), personified as a nocturnal, one-legged, hopping, red-capped, pipe-smoking black boy, transmutable into dust devils and fond of mischievous deeds aimed at terrorizing or annoying people and other animals,” presumably a nod to the fish’s hematophagous habits

Paracanthopoma satanica de Pinna & Dagosta 2022 derived from the Hebrew verb satan, meaning literally “to oppose” but commonly used to refer to an enemy or the devil (i.e., an unfriendly or evil fish from a human standpoint)

Paracanthopoma truculenta de Pinna & Dagosta 2022 Latin for harsh, cruel or brutish, alluding to its size, the largest species of this hematophagous genus

Paravandellia Miranda Ribeiro 1912 pará (Gr. παρά), near, i.e., considered intermediate between Stegophilus and Vandellia (yet described as having the general appearance of the former)

Paravandellia alleynei Henschel, Bernt, Baskin, Schmidt & Lujan 2021 in honor of “Mr. Alleyne,” who owned the land where collectors of the type specimens camped; he was a “reliable and considerate guide during this and other fieldwork”

Paravandellia brooksi Henschel, Baskin, Collins & Lujan 2024 in honor of American artist David Ian Brooks (b. 1975), for providing “critical support” to the fourth author during eight ichthyological expeditions to Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela from 2005 to 2023; “Without David’s camaraderie and assistance with funding and fieldwork, many thousands of fish specimens, tissues, photos, and associated data could never have been collected.”

Paravandellia luna Henschel, Baskin, Collins & Lujan 2024 Latin for moon, referring to both its white color in life and an indigenous Amazonian tale in which the Moon, forbidden to marry the Sun, cried so much that its tears flowed from the land to the sea; since the sea was unable to handle such a massive amount of water, the tears carved several river channels into northern South America, including that of the Amazon

Paravandellia oscarleoni Henschel, Baskin, Collins & Lujan 2024 in honor of Oscar León Mata (1964–2017), killifish collector and aquarist, environmental engineer, and fish curator (Museo de Ciencias Naturales in Guanare, Venezuela); his “leadership of botanical and ichthyological expeditions to Amazonas have left an indelible mark on the scientific understanding of this region’s incredible biodiversity,” including the collection of P. brooksi in 2005

Paravandellia oxyptera Miranda Ribeiro 1912 sharp-finned, from oxýs (Gr. ὀξύς), and ptera, from pterón (Gr. πτερόν) or ptéryx (πτέρυξ), fin, presumably referring to its large, falcate pectoral fins

Paravandellia phaneronema (Miles 1943) phanerós (Gr. φανερός), visible; nḗma (Gr. νῆμα), thread, referring to larger and therefore more visible lower maxillary barbels compared with Branchioica bertoni (=P. oxyptera)

Paravandellia vampyra (de Pinna & Dagosta 2022) Latinization of the Slavic wampir, a blood-sucking ghost or demon, referring to its hematophagous habits

Plectrochilus Miranda Ribeiro 1917 plêktron, (Gr. πλῆκτρον), spur, or a tool for plucking or striking a stringed instrument; chilos, from cheī́los (Gr. χεῖλος), lip, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to “intermaxillaries with three erect subtriangular spines, curved at the base along their length, emerging from a small pocket at the lip near the base of the barbel” (translation)

Plectrochilus diabolicus (Myers 1927) Latin for devilish or diabolical, referring to its parasitic habits; holotype had burrowed through body wall and into belly of a large river catfish (Pseudoplatystoma), where it was distended with blood

Plectrochilus machadoi Miranda Ribeiro 1917 in honor of Rev. Francisco Machado da Silva, who collected for and/or donated specimens to the Museo Urbis of Rio de Janeiro, including holotype of this species

Plectrochilus wieneri (Pellegrin 1909) in honor of Charles Wiener (1851–1913), Austrian-French explorer, linguist and diplomat (“ministre plénipotentiaire”), who collected holotype

Vandellia Valenciennes 1846 –ia (L. suffix), belonging to: Italian naturalist Domenico Agostino Vandelli (1735–1816), who sent type specimens of V. cirrhosa (mixed in with other catfishes) to Lacépède in 1808

Vandellia beccarii Di Caporiacco 1935 in honor of Italian biologist Nello Beccari (1883–1957), who collected holotype

Vandellia cirrhosa Valenciennes 1846 Latin for curled, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to “fleshy barbel” (translation) at corners of mouth

Vandellia sanguinea Eigenmann 1917 Latin for blood-red or bloody; a hematophagous species described as “translucent,” but Eigenmann later noted (1918) how the alimentary canal was “gorged with blood,” so perhaps it appears blood-red after having eaten

---

Parasitic Catfishes
Subfamily STEGOPHILINAE Günther 1864

Acanthopoma Lütken 1892 acantho-, from ákantha (Gr. ἄκανθα), thorn; pṓma (Gr. πῶμα), lid or cover, i.e., opercle; referring to numerous opercular and interopercular spines

Acanthopoma annectens Lütken 1892 Latin for linking or joining, hypothesized by Lütken to represent an intermediate in form between the subfamilies Pygidiinae (=Trichomycterinae) and Stegophilinae

Apomatoceros Eigenmann 1922 ἀ-, Greek privative, i.e., without; pṓmatos (Gr. πώματος), genitive of pṓma (Gr. πῶμα), lid or cover, i.e., opercle; ceros, from kerás (Gr κεράς), horn, referring to absence of opercular spines as in Acanthopoma

Apomatoceros alleni Eigenmann 1922 in honor of zoologist William Ray Allen (1885–1955), Indiana University, who collected holotype

Haemomaster Myers 1927 haemo-, from haimo– (Gr. αἱμο-), blood; mastḗr (Gr. μαστήρ), seeker, referring to its hematophagous or parasitic habits

Haemomaster venezuelae Myers 1927 of Venezuela, where type locality (Playa Matepalma, Orinoco River system) is situated

Henonemus Eigenmann & Ward 1907 henós (Gr. ἑνός), one; nḗma (Gr. νῆμα), thread, referring to single maxillary barbel

Henonemus intermedius (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889) Latin for intermediate; per Eigenmann & Eigenmann (1890), “found in a region intermediate between the localities where [H.] punctatus and [Pseudostegophilus] maculatus are found [combining] in a remarkable way the characters of those species”

Henonemus macrops (Steindachner 1882) macro-,from makrós (Gr. μακρός), long or large; ṓps (Gr. ὦψ), eye, presumably referring to larger eyes compared to its presumed congener at the time, Ochmacanthus reinhardtii, described in the same paper

Henonemus punctatus (Boulenger 1887) Latin for spotted, referring to numerous small brown spots on body

Henonemus taxistigmus (Fowler 1914) táxis (Gr. τάξις), row; stigmus, from stígma (Gr. στίγμα) or stigmḗ (στιγμή), mark or spot, referring to series of large dark blotches along lateral line

Henonemus triacanthopomus DoNascimiento & Provenzano 2006 tri– (L.), three; acantho-, from ákantha (Gr. ἄκανθα), thorn; pṓma (Gr. πῶμα), lid or cover, i.e., opercle, referring to maximum number (3) of odontodes found in both opercles in adult specimens, apparently unique in the genus

Homodiaetus Eigenmann & Ward 1907 homós (Gr. ὁμός), same; diaetus, from diaeta (L.), diet or regimen, in turn from díaita (Gr. δίαιτα), way of living, “living or eating with others” (per Eigenmann 1918), referring to the “known parasitic habits of some of its [H. anisitsi] relatives”

Homodiaetus anisitsi Eigenmann & Ward 1907 in honor of Hungarian-born Paraguayan botanist and collector Juan Daniel Anisits (1856–1911), National University of Paraguay, who provided Indiana University with a “well-preserved” collection of fishes, including holotype of this one

Homodiaetus banguela Koch 2002 Portuguese for toothless, referring to absence of teeth in the fifth ceratobranchial

Homodiaetus graciosa Koch 2002 named for Serra da Graciosa, Paraná, São Paulo, Brazil, one of the areas where it occurs

Homodiaetus passarellii (Miranda Ribeiro 1944) in honor of António Passarelli Filho, who collected specimens for the Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), including holotype of this catfish

Megalocentor de Pinna & Britski 1991 megalo-, from mégas (Gr. μέγας), big; centor, Latinization of kentéō (Gr. κεντέω), sting or spur, referring to hypertrophied single interopercular odontode, proportionally larger than any other trichomycterid

Megalocentor echthrus de Pinna & Britski 1991 echthrós (Gr. ἐχθρός), hated or hateful, referring to its parasitic habits (frequently taken from the bodies of other fishes)

Ochmacanthus Eigenmann 1912 ochma (Gr. ὄχμος), series; acanthus, from ákantha (Gr. ἄκανθα), thorn, presumably referring to nine “claw-like erectile” spines on preopercle, and nine similar spines on opercle above and behind the gill-opening of O. flabilliferus

Ochmacanthus alternus Myers 1927 Latin for one after the other, referring to its color pattern, with large, irregular, blotches alternating with narrow interspaces

Ochmacanthus batrachostoma (Miranda Ribeiro 1912) batrachus, from bátrachos (Gr. βάτραχος), frog; stóma (Gr. στόμα), mouth, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to its very wide mouth

Ochmacanthus flabelliferus Eigenmann 1912 flabellum (L.), a small fan; fero (L.), to have or bear, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to “fully developed caudal rays much diverging from a narrow base,” thereby forming a fan-like tail

Ochmacanthus orinoco Myers 1927 named for the Orinoco River basin of Venezuela, type locality

Ochmacanthus reinhardtii (Steindachner 1882) in honor of Danish zoologist Johannes Theodor Reinhardt (1816–1882), who proposed Stegophilus (original genus for this species) in 1859

Pareiodon Kner 1855 pareiá (Gr. παρειά) cheek; odon, Latinized and grammatically adjusted from the Greek nominative ὀδούς (odoús), tooth, referring to its small opercular and interopercular spines

Pareiodon microps Kner 1855 micro-, from mikrós (Gr. μικρός), small; ṓps (Gr. ὦψ), eye, referring to its minute eye, ~13 times in length of head

Pseudostegophilus Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 pseudo-, from pseúdēs (Gr. ψεύδης), false, i.e., although this genus may resemble (and was previously placed in) Stegophilus, such an appearance is false

Pseudostegophilus haemomyzon (Myers 1942) haemo-, from haimo– (Gr. αἱμο-), blood; myzon, from mýzō (Gr. μύζω), to suck, referring to its hematophagous or parasitic habits

Pseudostegophilus maculatus (Steindachner 1879) Latin for spotted, referring to dark violet spots on upper half of body and larger spots on back just behind dorsal fin

Pseudostegophilus nemurus (Günther 1869) thread-tailed, from nḗma (Gr. νῆμα), thread, and ourá (Gr. οὐρά), tail, referring to filamentous upper lobe of caudal fin

Pseudostegophilus paulensis Miranda Ribeiro 1918 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: São Paulo, Brazil, type locality

Schultzichthys Dahl 1960 in honor of American ichthyologist Leonard P. Schultz (1901–1986), Curator of Fishes, U.S. National Museum, for his contributions to the knowledge of the fishes of northern South America; ichthýs (Gr. ἰχθύς), fish

Schultzichthys bondi (Myers 1942) in honor of American biologist Franklyn F. Bond (1897–1946), University of Rochester (Rochester, New York, USA), who collected holotype while researching mosquito-control fishes in Venezuela

Schultzichthys gracilis Dahl 1960 Latin for thin or slender, referring to its “slender form”

Stegophilus Reinhardt 1859 stégō (Gr. στέγω), to cover; phílos (Gr. φίλος), friend or fond of, referring to its living in the gill cavity of large catfishes, where it feeds on blood in the gills

Stegophilus insidiosus Reinhardt 1859 Latin for insidious (i.e., causing harm in a way that is gradual or not easily noticed), referring to its parasitic feeding habits on the gills of large catfishes

Stegophilus panzeri (Ahl 1931) in honor of entomologist Werner Panzer (1901–1976), graduate student and travel companion of German zoologist Hans Böker (1886–1939), the latter who collected holotype

Stegophilus septentrionalis Myers 1927 Latin for northern, referring to its distribution compared with S. insidiosus, the only known congener at the time

---

Tiny Pencil Catfishes
Subfamily TRIDENTINAE Eigenmann 1918

Miuroglanis Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 meíouros (Gr. μείονρος), to lessen or diminish (i.e., curtailed), allusion not explained, perhaps referring to short, compressed and rather deep body; glanis, ancient name for a silurid catfish (probably Silurus aristotelis) dating to Aristotle, often used as a general term for catfish

Miuroglanis platycephalus Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 flat-headed, from platýs (Gr. πλατύς), flat, and kephalḗ (Gr. κεφαλή), head, referring to its “greatly depressed” head

Rhinotridens Datovo, Ochoa, Vita, Presti, Ohara & de Pinna 2023 rhinós (Gr. ῥινός), genitive of rhís (ῥίς), nose, referring to its “conspicuous” rostral protuberance; Tridens, type genus of subfamily

Rhinotridens britskii de Pinna, Reis, Pastana & Datovo 2024 in honor of Brazilian ichthyologist Heraldo A. Britski (b. 1934), Universidade de São Paulo, who first collected this species, for his “pivotal role” in the development of ichthyology in Brazil and also as a token of his 90th birthday in 2024

Rhinotridens chromocaudatus Datovo, Ochoa, Vita, Presti, Ohara & de Pinna 2023 chrṓma (Gr. χρῶμα), skin or color; caudatus (L.), tailed, referring to dark-brown pigmentation in middle of caudal fin

Tridens Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 tri– (L.), three; dens (L.), tooth, presumably referring to three “trident shaped” spines on opercle of T. melanops

Tridens chicomendesi Henschel & Costa 2023 in honor of Francisco Alves “Chico” Mendes (1944–1988), Brazilian rubber tapper and union leader who fought to preserve the Amazonian rainforest, and who was born and lived in Xapuri, Acre State, Brazil, where this species occurs; he was assassinated by a rancher whom he had prevented from logging a protected area, while gaining a warrant for the rancher’s arrest for a murder committed elsewhere

Tridens melanops Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 mélanos (Gr. μέλανος), genitive of mélas (μέλας), black; ṓps (Gr. ὦψ), eye, face or countenance, presumably referring to black spots along base of anal fin and/or dusky posterior half of caudal fin

Tridens vitreus Henschel, Ohara & Costa 2023 Latin for glassy or translucent, referring to its transparent head and body in life

Tridensimilis Schultz 1944 Latin for like or resembling, i.e., similar to Tridens

Tridensimilis venezuelae Schultz 1944 of Venezuela, where type locality (Río Negro, below the mouth of the Río Yasa) is situated

Tridentopsis Myers 1925 ópsis (Gr. ὄψις), appearance: similar to the closely related Tridens

Tridentopsis brevis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889) Latin for short, referring to its “short and deep” body, shorter than Tridens melanops, its presumed congener at the time

Tridentopsis cahuali Azpelicueta 1990 of Cahual, name of aboriginal Araucanian (Mapuche) chief and name of private protected area in Argentina where types were collected

Tridentopsis pearsoni Myers 1925 in honor of American ichthyologist Nathan Everett Pearson (1895–1982), Indiana University, who collected 6,775 fish specimens in Bolivia in 1921–1922, including holotype of this species

Tridentopsis tocantinsi La Monte 1939 of rio Tocantins, Goiás State, Brazil, type locality

---

Miniature Pencil Catfishes
Subfamily GLANAPTERYGINAE Myers 1944

Glanapteryx Myers 1927 glanis, ancient name for a silurid catfish (probably Silurus
aristotelis) dating to Aristotle, often used as a general term for catfish; ἀ-, Greek privative, i.e., without; pterýx (Gr. πτέρυξ), wing or fin, described as “wholly finless excepting for small rudimentary pectoral and pelvic flaps and a caudal fringe”

Glanapteryx anguilla Myers 1927 Latin for eel, referring to its eel-like shape (holotype was found in a vial full of juvenile Swamp Eel Synbranchus marmoratus)

Glanapteryx niobium de Pinna 1998 named for the naturally occurring chemical element (Nb) responsible for the high background radiation of the Morro dos Seis Lagos (Amazonas, Brazil), where this catfish is the only known fish species

Potamoglanis Henschel, Mattos, Katz & Costa 2018 potamós (Gr. ποταμός), river, or the gods of rivers in Greek mythology, allusion not explained but all included species occur in rivers; glanis, ancient name for a silurid catfish (probably Silurus aristotelis) dating to Aristotle, often used as a general term for catfish

Potamoglanis anhanga (Dutra, Wosiacki & de Pinna 2012) named for the Amazonian Anhangá legend, a spirit that lives in the woods and protects forest life; its presence can be detected by a whistle and, thereafter, the animal that was being hunted disappears

Potamoglanis hasemani (Eigenmann 1914) in honor of American zoologist John D. Haseman (1882–1969), Eigenmann’s student and field collector for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, who collected holotype

Potamoglanis johnsoni (Fowler 1932) in honor of Eldridge Reeves Fenimore Johnson (1899–1986), a Trustee of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, “through whose coöperation and direction the Academy was represented” on the Matto Grosso Expedition to Brazil, during which holotype was collected

Potamoglanis wapixana (Henschel 2016) named for the Wapixana (also spelled Wapichan and Wapishana), a native tribe from the Serra da Lua region in western Roraima state, northern Brazil, where this catfish occurs; the Wapixana tribe was oppressed by other native tribes and by colonizers, which contributed to a “huge cultural loss”

Pygidianops Myers 1944 Pygidium Meyen 1834 (diminutive of pyge, Latin for rump), then a catch-all genus for many pencil catfishes (especially Trichomycterus) and type genus of family Pygidiidae (=Trichomycteridae), now considered a genus inquirendum; ṓps (Gr. ὦψ), eye or face (i.e., appearance), allusion not explained, presumably referring to similarity to other “pygidiid” (yet distinct enough to justify a new subfamily, Glanapteryginae, which Myers proposed in the same publication)

Pygidianops amphioxus de Pinna & Kirovsky 2011 named for the cephalochordate amphioxus (a common name, along with lancelet, that applies to Recent cephalochordates in general, now mostly included in the Branchiostoma), in allusion to obvious similarities in body shape and sand-dwelling behavior; originally from amphí– (Gr. ἁμφί), on both sides or double, and oxýs (Gr. ὀξύς), sharp or pointed, referring to a lancelet’s pointed head and tail

Pygidianops cuao Schaefer, Provenzano, de Pinna & Baskin 2005 named for the Río Cuao, clearwater tributary of the Río Orinoco (Amazonas, Venezuela), type locality

Pygidianops eigenmanni Myers 1944 in memory of German-born American ichthyologist Carl H. Eigenmann (1863-1927), “to whom more than to any other we are indebted for our knowledge of both the blind fishes of the caves and the fish fauna of the fresh waters of South America”

Pygidianops magoi Schaefer, Provenzano, de Pinna & Baskin 2005 in honor of the late Francisco Mago-Leccia (1931–2004), Venezuelan ichthyologist, for his participation in the discovery of this species, his innumerable contributions to the ichthyology of northern South America, and his mentorship in and enthusiasm for the study of Venezuelan fishes

Typhlobelus Myers 1944 typhlós (Gr. τυφλός), blind, referring to vestigial eyes of T. ternetzi, “visible as minute black dots”; belus, from belḗs (Gr. βελής), pointed, possibly referring to its trowel-shaped snout

Typhlobelus auriculatus de Pinna & Zuanon 2013 Latin for eared, referring to conspicuously modified pseudotympanus (connected by a superficial groove to a pit entering the skull)

Typhlobelus guacamaya Schaefer, Provenzano, de Pinna & Baskin 2005 named for Guacamaya rapids on the middle Río Cuao, clearwater tributary of the Río Orinoco (Amazonas, Venezuela), type locality

Typhlobelus lundbergi Schaefer, Provenzano, de Pinna & Baskin 2005 in honor of American ichthyologist John G. Lundberg (b. 1942), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, for contributions to neotropical ichthyology, and his efforts during the R/V Eastward cruises studying the demersal fishes of large rivers

Typhlobelus macromycterus Costa & Bockmann 1994 macro-, from makrós (Gr. μaκρóς), long or large; mycterus, from myktḗr (Gr. μυκτήρ), nostril, referring to longer snout compared with T. ternetzi

Typhlobelus ternetzi Myers 1944 in honor of the late Carl Ternetz (1870-1928), Swiss-born ichthyologist and naturalist, “whose valiant labors, while collecting these fishes in a little-known and fever-laden region, were the ultimate cause of his death”

---

Psammophilic Catfishes
Subfamily SARCOGLANIDINAE Myers & Weitzman 1966

Ammoglanis Costa 1994 ámmos or hámmos (Gr. ᾰ̓́μμος or ἅμμος), sand, referring to sandy bottom habitat of A. diaphanus; glánis (Gr. γλάνις), ancient name for a silurid catfish (probably Silurus aristotelis) dating to Aristotle, often used as a general term for catfish

Ammoglanis amapaensis Mattos, Costa & Gama 2008 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Estado do Amapá, Brazil, type locality

Ammoglanis diaphanus Costa 1994 from diaphanḗs (Gr. διαφανής), translucent (i.e., to shine through), referring to its appearance in life

Ammoglanis multidentatus Costa, Mattos & Santos 2019 multi– (L.), many; dentatus (L.), toothed, referring to numerous opercular odontodes (15–16), unique among sarcoglanidines

Ammoglanis natgeorum Henschel, Lujan & Baskin 2020 –orum (L.), commemorative suffix, plural: in honor of the employees of the National Geographic Society (commonly abbreviated as NatGeo), without whose support the authors’ research would not have been possible; type specimens were collected during field work funded by National Geographic CRE grant 8721-09 to NKL, and the first author’s research on Ammoglanis and other trichomycterid catfishes has been supported by a NatGeo Early Career Grant

Ammoglanis nheengatu Canto, Hercos & Ribeiro 2022 named for Nheengatu, the most commonly spoken language of the Amazon during the 19th century, contributing to the cultural identity of the largest Brazilian region; Nheengatu is now being “rescued” in indigenous schools of the lower rio Tapajós basin, Pará State, Brazil, where this catfish occurs

Ammoglanis obliquus Henschel, Bragança, Rangel-Pereira & Costa 2020 Latin for slanting or inclining in direction, referring to conspicuous diagonal banded coloration pattern of living specimens

Ammoglanis pulex de Pinna & Winemiller 2000 Latin for flea, referring to its minute size (up to 14.9 mm SL)

Malacoglanis Myers & Weitzman 1966 malaco-, from malakós (Gr. μαλακός), soft, referring to its “soft, gelatinous consistency” in life; glanis, ancient name for a silurid catfish (probably Silurus aristotelis) dating to Aristotle, often used as a general term for catfish

Malacoglanis gelatinosus Myers & Weitzman 1966 from gelatus (L.), frozen or congealed, referring to its soft, gelatinous consistency and pale, translucent color; “not good classical Latin,” the authors write, “but the adjective has been applied by other taxonomists to translucent creatures”

Sarcoglanis Myers & Weitzman 1966 sarco-, from sárx (Gr. σάρξ), flesh, referring to its soft, fleshy appearance; glanis, ancient name for a silurid catfish (probably Silurus aristotelis) dating to Aristotle, often used as a general term for catfish

Sarcoglanis simplex Myers & Weitzman 1966 Latin for simple or not complicated, referring to its reduced number of fin rays and apparent lack of interopercular spines

Stauroglanis de Pinna 1989 staurós (Gr. σταυρός), cross, referring to crucifix shape of single ossified basibranchial element; glanis, ancient name for a silurid catfish (probably Silurus aristotelis) dating to Aristotle, often used as a general term for catfish

Stauroglanis gouldingi de Pinna 1989 in honor of conservation ecologist Michael Goulding (b. 1950), who collected holotype, for his contributions to the knowledge of Amazonian fishes

Stenolicmus de Pinna & Starnes 1990 sténos (Gr. στένος), narrow; likmós (Gr. λικμός), winnowing fan or basket, referring to pectoral fins, narrower and with fewer rays than any other member of the subfamily

Stenolicmus ix Wosiacki, Coutinho & de Assis Montag 2011 ix, Mayan word for jaguar, referring to jaguar-like color pattern of grouped patches, scattered from flanks to dorsum

Stenolicmus sarmientoi de Pinna & Starnes 1990 in honor of Jaime Sarmiento Tavel (b. 1955), Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Le Paz), for collecting and investigating Bolivian fishes