Revised 19 Feb. 2024
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Subfamily name from Smiliogaster Bleeker 1860, now a junior synonym of Osteobrama Heckel 1843, from smilíon (Gr. σμιλίον), diminutive of smílē (σμίλη), carving knife or scalpel, and gastḗr (Gr. γαστήρ), belly, referring to sharp (instead of flat) knife-shaped pre-pelvic abdominal keel of Smiliogaster (=Osteobrama) belangeri.

Amatolacypris Skelton, Swartz & Vreven 2018 named for the Amatola mountains in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, where it is endemic; cypris, a common suffix for small cyprinoid genera, derived from Cyprinus (Common Carp)

Amatolacypris trevelyani (Günther 1877) in honor of soldier, sportsman and naturalist Herbert Trevelyan (1847–1912), who sent holotype to the British Museum

Barbodes Bleeker 1859 -odes, alternative spelling of –oides, Latinized suffix adopted from eī́dos (Gr. εἶδος), form or shape: referring to similarity to and/or affinity with Barbuss (Barbinae, then a catch-all genus for many African, Asian and European cyprinids) [not to be confused with Barboides

Barbodes amarus (Herre 1924) Latin for bitter, from the Moro (Philippines) pait, a word used by locals to describe the bitter taste of most smaller cyprinids [extinct]

Barbodes aurotaeniatus (Tirant 1885) auro-, from aurum (L.), gold; taeniatus (L.), banded, referring to brilliant golden-yellow band atop the lateral line

Barbodes banksi Herre 1940 in honor of British colonial administrator nd naturalist Edward Banks (1903–1988), curator, Sarawak Museum (Borneo), “without whose kindly aid little could have been done during [Herre’s] brief stay in Kuching”

Barbodes baoulan Herre 1926 from Bao-u-lan, Marinão name for this species in the Philippines [extinct]

Barbodes binotatus (Valenciennes 1842) bi-, from bis (L.), twice; notatus (L.), marked, referring to large blotch at anterior base of dorsal fin and round spot in middle of caudal peduncle

Barbodes bovanicus (Day 1877) –icus (L.), belonging to: Bowany River (Madras, India), type locality (spelling is atinized, with v replacing w)

Barbodes bunau (Rachmatika 2005) vernacular for this species in the language of Dayak Punan, one of the native peoples living in the Seturan watershed, East Kalimantan, Borneo, type locality

Barbodes carnaticus (Jerdon 1849) –icus (L.), belonging to: the Carnatic coast, referring to its distribution in South India

Barbodes cataractae (Fowler 1934) of a cataract or cascade, referring to Cascade River, Murcielagos Bay, Mindanao, Philippines, type locality

Barbodes clemensi Herre 1924 in honor of Joseph Clemens (1862–1936), English-born American missionary, plant collector and Herre’s friend, who, with his wife Mary, made the first scientific collections around Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines, the only place this cyprinid (now extinct) was known to occur [biographical footnote: Clemens died in New Guinea while collecting plants for the British Museum (Natural History); he contracted food poisoning from the contaminated meat of a wild boar]

Barbodes disa Herre 1932 Marinão name for this species in the Philippines [extinct]

Barbodes dunckeri (Ahl 1929) in honor of German ichthyologist Georg Duncker (1870–1953), Zoological Museum Hamburg, who recognized the distinctiveness of, but did not name, this cyprinid in 1905

Barbodes elongatus (Oshima 1920) Latin for prolonged, referring to its elongate body

Barbodes everetti (Boulenger 1894) patronym not identified but clearly in honor of Alfred Hart Everett (1848–1898), British naturalist and civil servant and administrator in Borneo, who collected holotype

Barbodes flavifuscus (Herre 1924) flavus (L.), yellow; fuscus (L.), dusky, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to its color in alcohol, described as “bluish back on snout and top of head and blackish brown dorsally, becoming paler on sides and yellowish brown on belly”; also, fins are said to be “dusky”

Barbodes hemictenus Jordan & Richardson 1908 half-combed, from hḗmisys (Gr. ἥμισυς), half, and ktenós (Gr. κτενός), comb, allusion not explained nor evident, perhaps referring to weaker and fewer serratures on third dorsal spine compared with B. maculatus (=binotatus)

Barbodes herrei (Fowler 1934) in honor of American ichthyologist-lichenologist Albert W. Herre (1868–1962), for his many contributions to Philippine ichthyology [extinct]

Barbodes ivis (Seale 1910) presumably a local name for this species at Balabac Island, Philippines, type locality

Barbodes jacobusboehlkei (Fowler 1958) in honor of American ichthyologist James (Latinized as Jacobus) E. Böhlke (1930–1982), Fowler’s successor at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

Barbodes joaquinae (Wood 1968) in honor of Joaquina C. Wood (possibly related to the author), “who first collected this fish during her many trips afield while studying Mindanao fauna”

Barbodes katolo Herre 1924 Moros name for this species in the Philippines [extinct]

Barbodes kuchingensis (Herre 1940) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: 18 miles east of Kuching, Sarawak state, Borneo, type locality

Barbodes lanaoensis Herre 1924 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines, type locality [extinct]

Barbodes lindog Herre 1924 Moros name for this species in the Philippines

Barbodes manguaoensis (Day 1914) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Lake Manguao, northern Palawan Island, Philippines, type locality

Barbodes manalak Herre 1924 Moros vernacular applied to the two largest cyprinid species of Lake Lanao, Philippines, including this one [extinct]

Barbodes microps (Günther 1868) micro-, from mikrós (Gr. μικρός), small; ṓps (Gr. ὦψ), eye, referring to much smaller eye compared with Barbus maculatus (=Barbodes binotatus)

Barbodes montanoi (Sauvage 1881) in honor of French ethnologist Joseph Montano (1844–ca. 1886), who collected or secured holotype

Barbodes pachycheilus (Herre 1924) thick-lipped, from pachýs (Gr. παχύς), thick, and cheī́los (Gr. χεῖλος), lip, referring to its broad, thick and fleshy upper lip [extinct]

Barbodes palaemophagus (Herre 1924) Palaemon, a sea god and a genus of caridean shrimps; phagus, from phageī́n (Gr. φαγεῖν), to eat, referring to a Palaemon in mouth and throat of holotype, “which it had evidently been in the act of swallowing when captured” [extinct]

Barbodes palata Herre 1924 Marinão word for narrow, applied to this fish by the Moros (Philippines) because of its pinched narrow head, especially along ventral side[extinct]

Barbodes palavanensis (Boulenger 1895) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Palawan Island, Philippines, type locality

Barbodes polylepis Chen & Li 1988 polý (Gr. πολύ), many; lepίs (Gr. λεπίς), scale, referring to 45–46 scales along lateral line

Barbodes pyrpholeos Tan & Husana 2021 pȳ́r (Gr. πῦρ), fire; phōleós (Gr. φωλεός), den or lair (cave, per the authors), referring to the “fiery” red fins of this cave-dwelling species

Barbodes quinquemaculatus (Seale & Bean 1907) quinque (L.), five; maculatus (L.), spotted, referring to distinct round black spot at base of caudal, another at origin of dorsal, a third less distinct at origin of anal, and two round black spots on median line near middle of body

Barbodes resimus (Herre 1924) Latin for turned upward, referring to “back very strongly arched from head to origin of dorsal” [extinct; also spelled resinus by Herre, presumably in error]

Barbodes rhombeus (Kottelat 2000) Latin for rhombic, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to shape of spots and blotches on body and caudal peduncle

Barbodes sealei Herre 1933 in honor of American ichthyologist Alvin Seale (1871–1958), Stanford University, who described this species in 1910 as Barbus elongatus, preoccupied by B. elongatus Rüppell 1836 (=Labeobarbus intermedius)

Barbodes sellifer Kottelat & Lim 2021 Latin for bearing a saddle, referring to large blotch extending downwards from in front of and below dorsal-fin base in adults

Barbodes semifasciolatus (Günther 1868) semi-, from semis (L.), a half or moiety; fasciolatus, diminutive of fasciatus (L.), banded, i.e., with small bands, referring to 3–4 narrow, black vertical streaks on sides and tail

Barbodes sirang Herre 1932 Marinão name for this species in the Philippines

Barbodes tras Herre 1926 Marinão name for this species in the Philippines [extinct]

Barbodes truncatulus (Herre 1926) Latin for slightly truncated, referring to “truncate form of lower jaw” [extinct]

Barbodes tumba Herre 1924 Marinão or Lanao Moro (Philippines) name for several species of cyprinids, including, presumably, this one

Barbodes umalii (Wood 1968) in honor of Agustin F. Umali (1906–1996), Senior Ichthyologist, National Museum of the Philippines, who encouraged Wood to study fishes in Mindanao, for “his vast knowledge of prewar ichthyology and long hours spent passing this information on to the writer”

Barbodes xouthos (Kottelat & Tan 2011) xoúthos (Gr. ξοῦθος), yellow-brown (authors say golden yellow), referring to yellow-brown coloration in life and/or yellow pelvic fin in adults

Barbodes zakariaismaili Kottelat & Lim 2021 in honor of fisheries biologist Mohd. Zakaria-Ismail, for his work on the fish fauna of Malaysia (he also made specimens available)

Barboides Brüning 1929 –oides, Latinized suffix adopted from eī́dos (Gr. εἶδος), form or shape: Barbus, i.e., resembling a barb [narrowly misses being a junior homonym of Barbodes Bleeker 1859 by the addition of the letter “i”]

Barboides britzi Conway & Moritz 2006 in honor of German ichthyologist Ralph Britz (Natural History Museum, London), whose “contagious enthusiasm for ichthyology and interest in tiny fishes has left a lasting impression” on both authors

Barboides gracilis Brüning 1929 Latin for thin or slender, referring to its “delicate shape” (translation)

Bhava Sudasinghe, Rüber & Meegaskumbura 2023 Bhāva, in Pali and Sanskrit, a “nihilistic concept denoting the emptiness of worldly existence” (allusion not explained nor evident)

Bhava vittata (Day 1865) Latin for banded, referring to vertical black stripe on posterior third of dorsal fin when specimens reach 2 cm long

Caecobarbus Boulenger 1921 caecus (L.), blind, an eyeless Barbus (Barbinae, then a catch-all genus for many African, Asian and European cyprinids) [may belong in Enteromius; more study needed]

Caecobarbus geertsii Boulenger 1921 in honor of amateur speleologist G. Geerts, engineer and railway director in the Belgian Congo, who collected type specimens and donated them to the Musée du Congo belge

Chagunius Smith 1938 Latinization of Chaguni, local Bengali name for C. chagunio in India

Chagunius baileyi Rainboth 1986 in honor of American ichthyologist Reeve M. Bailey (1911–2011), University of Michigan, co-chair of Rainboth’s Ph.D. committee

Chagunius chagunio (Hamilton 1822) from Chaguni, local Bengali name for this fish in India

Chagunius nicholsi (Myers 1924) in honor of American zoologist John Treadwell Nichols (1883–1958), curator of fishes at the American Museum of Natural History, in “slight appreciation of his generous help and interest” in Myers’ work

Cheilobarbus Smith 1841 cheī́los (Gr. χεῖλος), lip, referring to “full and firm” lips of C. capensis, proposed as a subgenus of Barbus (Barbinae), then a catch-all genus for many African, Asian and European cyprinids

Cheilobarbus capensis (Smith 1841) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Cape Colony (in what is now South Africa), type locality

Cheilobarbus serra (Peters 1864) Latin for saw, referring to serrated primary dorsal fin ray

Clypeobarbus Fowler 1936 clypeus (L.), shield, referring to “very deeply exposed” (i.e., shield-like) scales on lateral line of Barbus kemoensis (=C. pleuropholis), proposed as a subgenus of Barbus (Barbinae), then a catch-all genus for many African, Asian and European cyprinids

Clypeobarbus bellcrossi (Jubb 1965) in honor of South African ichthyologist Graham Bell-Cross (1927–1998), Zambia Department of Game and Fisheries, for his systematic study of fishes from headwater tributaries of the Zambezi River

Clypeobarbus bomokandi (Myers 1924) named for the Bomokandi River, Democratic Republic of the Congo, type locality

Clypeobarbus breviclipeus Stiassny & Sakharova 2016 brevis (L.), small; clypeus (L.), shield, referring to relatively small size of pore-bearing scales in midlateral series compared with greatly enlarged, shield-like scales of some congeners

Clypeobarbus congicus (Boulenger 1899) –icus (L.), belonging to: Congo River basin of Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo), type locality

Clypeobarbus hypsolepis (Daget 1959) hypso-, from hypsēlós (Gr. ὑψηλός), high; lepίs (Gr. λεπίς), scale, referring to its especially tall (or deep) lateral line scales, particularly below dorsal fin

Clypeobarbus matthesi (Poll & Gosse 1963) in honor of Dutch ichthyologist Hubert Matthes, Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale (Tervuren, Belgium), who collected holotype [placed in Enteromius by some workers]

Clypeobarbus pleuropholis (Boulenger 1899) pleuro-, from pleurá (Gr. πλευρά), side; pholís (Gr. φολίσ), scale, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to only two series of scales between dorsal fin and lateral line, which “clearly distinguishes this species” (translation) from its presumed congeners in Barbus (original genus)

Clypeobarbus pseudognathodon (Boulenger 1915) pseudo-, from pseúdēs (Gr. ψεύδης), false; gnáthos (Gr. γνάθος), jaw; odon, Latinized and grammatically adjusted from the Greek nominative ὀδούς (odoús), tooth, referring to tubercles that line mouth, which appear like false teeth

Clypeobarbus schoutedeni (Poll & Lambert 1961) in honor of Belgian zoologist Henri Schouteden (1881–1972), honorary director of the Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale, on the occasion of his 80th birthday, for his tireless zoological work, and for his valuable assistance as director of Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines

Coptostomabarbus David & Poll 1937 copto-, from koptós (Gr. κοπτός), cut or chopped small, and stóma (Gr. στόμα), mouth, presumably referring to upturned mouth of C. wittei; Barbus (Barbinae), then a catch-all genus for many African, Asian and European cyprinids

Coptostomabarbus bellcrossi Poll 1969 in honor of South African ichthyologist Graham Bell-Cross (1927–1998), Zambia Department of Game and Fisheries, who helped collect holotype

Coptostomabarbus wittei David & Poll 1937 in honor of Belgian herpetologist Gaston François De Witte (1897–1980), who collected holotype

Dawkinsia Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura & Maduwage 2012 -ia (L. suffix), belonging to: British ethologist and evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins (b. 1941), for his contribution to the public understanding of science

Dawkinsia apsara Katwate, Marcus Knight, Anoop, Raghavan & Dahanukar 2020 derived from a Sanskrit word for the most beautiful celestial nymphs in Hindu mythology, referring to this fish’s “sensational” life colors

Dawkinsia arulius (Jerdon 1849) Latinization of aruli, Kannada (southwestern India) vernacular for this species

Dawkinsia assimilis (Jerdon 1849) Latin for similar, described as “very closely allied” to D. filamentosa

Dawkinsia austellus Katwate, Marcus Knight, Anoop, Raghavan & Dahanukar 2020 Latin for a gentle south wind (author say, simply, south), referring to its distribution in southern India

Dawkinsia chalakkudiensis (Menon, Rema Devi & Thobias 1999) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Chalakkudi River, Western Ghats, Trichur, Kerala, India, type locality

Dawkinsia crassa Katwate, Marcus Knight, Anoop, Raghavan & Dahanukar 2020 Latin for round, thick or fat, referring to its rounded appearance

Dawkinsia denisonii (Day 1865) in honor of William Denison (1804–1871), Governor of Madras (now Chennai), India, from 1861 to 1866

Dawkinsia exclamatio (Pethiyagoda & Kottelat 2005) Latin for an exclamation, referring to its color pattern, which, if viewed “snout-down,” resembles an exclamation mark (!)

Dawkinsia filamentosa (Valenciennes 1844) Latin for filamentous, referring to branched dorsal-fin rays prolonged into filament-like extensions (in adult males only)

Dawkinsia lepida (Day 1868) Latin for pleasant, agreeable, neat or fine, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to its attractive appearance, described as having a red caudal fin, tipped with black

Dawkinsia rohani (Rema Devi, Indra & Knight 2010) in honor of Sri Lankan biologist Rohan Pethiyagoda (b. 1955), for his extensive work on the freshwater fishes of India and Sri Lanka

Dawkinsia rubrotincta (Jerdon 1849) rubro-, from ruber (L.), red; tinctus (L.), painted or stained, referring to a series of bright red spots on sides

Dawkinsia srilankensis (Senanayake 1985) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Sri Lanka, where it is endemic

Dawkinsia tambraparniei (Silas 1954) of the Tambraparni watershed, Tinnevelly District, Madras State, India, only known area of occurrence

Dawkinsia uttara Katwate, Apte & Raghavan 2020 in honor of Uttara Katwate, the senior author’s mother; in Sanskrit, Pali, Hindi and Marathi, uttara (pronounced uttarā) is also a feminine adjective meaning northern, alluding to the species’ distribution in the northern Western Ghats of India

Desmopuntius Kottelat 2013 desmṓtēs (Gr. δεσμώτης), prisoner, referring to color pattern made of 4–6 bars (at least in juveniles), which distinguishes it from other genera formerly placed in Puntius in Southeast Asia

Desmopuntius endecanalis (Roberts 1989) en– (Gr. ἐν) within; deca-, from dekás (Gr. δεκάς), ten; analis (L.), anal, referring to 8 (rarely 7) branched anal-fin rays, whereas most Puntius (former genus) have 5 or 6

Desmopuntius foerschi (Kottelat 1982) in honor of German physician and aquarist Walter Foersch (1932–1993), who helped collect holotype

Desmopuntius gemellus (Kottelat 1996) Latin for born together (i.e., twin), referring to its similarity to D. johorensis

Desmopuntius hexazona (Weber & de Beaufort 1912) héx (Gr. ἕξ), six; zona (L.), band, referring to six black, transverse bands on body

Desmopuntius johorensis (Duncker 1904) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Johore, Malaysia, type locality

Desmopuntius pentazona (Boulenger 1894) penta, from pénte (Gr. πέντε), five; zona (L.) band, referring to five blackish bands that encircle body

Desmopuntius rhomboocellatus (Koumans 1940) rhómbos (Gr. ῥόμβος), rhombis; ocellatus (L.), having little eyes (ocelli), referring to how predorsal, dorsal and anal bars expand to form “ocellate rhombi”

Desmopuntius trifasciatus (Kottelat 1996) tri– (L.), three; fasciatus (L.), banded, referring to 3–4 bands on sides of juveniles, becoming 3–4 stripes on sides of adults

Eechathalakenda Menon 1999 from Eechathalai kendai, Tamil name (kendai = carp), for this fish, which, per Raja’s description of the species, refers to its “peculiar” habitat of rocky pools with large amounts of decaying vegetation

Eechathalakenda ophicephalus (Raj 1941) snake-headed, from óphis (Gr. ὄφις), snake or serpent, and kephalḗ (Gr. κεφαλή), head, allusion not explained but, per Menon’s description of the genus, characterized by its elongate shape, similar to that of Channa snakeheads (Anabantiformes: Channidae) [often misspelled as ophicephala]

Enteromius Cope 1867 etymology not explained, perhaps derived from énteron (Gr. ἔντερον), intestine, referring to short alimentary canal of E. potamogalis

Enteromius ablabes (Bleeker 1863) ablabḗs (Gr. ἀβλαβής), harmless, referring to its unserrated dorsal-fin spine

Enteromius aboinensis (Boulenger 1911) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: headwaters of Aboina River, southern Nigeria, type locality

Enteromius afrohamiltoni (Crass 1960) afro-, from Latin Afr-, stem of Afer, African, i.e., “the African hamiltoni,” replacement name for Barbus hamiltoni Gilchrist & Thompson 1913, preoccupied by B. hamiltonii (Jerdon 1849) (=Bangana ariza, Labeoninae) of India, in honor of Lt.-Col. J. Stevenson Hamilton (1867–1957), warden, Kruger National Park, South Africa, who collected holotype

Enteromius afrovernayi (Nichols & Boulton 1927) afro-, from Latin Afr-, stem of Afer, African, i.e., “the African vernayi,” replacement name for Barbus vernayi Nichols & Boulton 1927, preoccupied by B. (=Hypsibarbus) vernayi Norman 1925 (Cyprininae) of China, in honor of Arthur S. Vernay (1877–1960), art and antiques dealer, big game hunter and naturalist-explorer, who funded and led an American Museum of Natural History expedition to Angola

Enteromius akakianus (Boulenger 1911) –anus (L.), belonging to: Akaki River, Hawash System, southern Ethiopia, type locality

Enteromius alberti (Poll 1939) etymology not explained, possibly in honor of King Albert I of Belgium (1875–1934), or named for Parc National Albert (now National Park Virunga, Democratic Republic of the Congo); holotype was collected during a biosurvey of the park, which Albert established as a gorilla reserve

Enteromius aliciae (Bigorne & Lévêque 1993) in honor of the second author’s daughter (presumably named Alice)

Enteromius aloyi (Roman 1971) in honor of Isidro Aloy (1925–?), Spanish biologist, mathematics teacher and missionary, for “his assistance at all times” (translation)

Enteromius altidorsalis (Boulenger 1908) altus (L.), high; dorsalis (Neo-Latin), dorsal, referring to high anterior rays of dorsal fin

Enteromius amanpoae (Lambert 1961) of Amanpoa River, Ponthierville Territory, Congo, type locality

Enteromius amatolicus (Skelton 1990) –icus (L.), belonging to: Amatola Mountains (Eastern Cape Province, South Africa), which give rise to the Isidenge River, type locality

Enteromius amboseli (Banister 1980) named for Amboseli National Park, Kenya, type locality

Enteromius anema (Boulenger 1903) ἀ- (Gr. privative), i.e., without; nḗma (Gr. νῆμα), thread, presumably referring to its lack of barbels

Enteromius annectens (Gilchrist & Thompson 1917) Latin for linking or joining, perhaps referring to how it “closely resembles” E. lineomaculatus and E. werneri, thus serving as a “link” between the two species

Enteromius anniae (Lévêque 1983) in honor of Lévêque’s wife Annie (Christian Lévêque, pers. comm.; matronym not identified in description)

Enteromius anoplus (Weber 1897) ánhoplos (Gr. ἄνοπλος), unarmed, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to its unserrated last dorsal-fin ray

Enteromius ansorgii (Boulenger 1904) in honor of English explorer and collector William John Ansorge (1850–1913), who collected holotype

Enteromius apleurogramma (Boulenger 1911) ἀ- (Gr. privative), i.e., without; pleuro-, from pleurá (Gr. πλευρά), side; grammḗ (Gr. γραμμή), line or stroke of the pen, referring to “no lateral line” (actually an incomplete or reduced lateral line, with 0–5 pore-bearing scales)

Enteromius arambourgi (Pellegrin 1935) probably in honor of French vertebrate paleontologist Camille Arambourg (1885–1970), who conducted extensive field work in North Africa (including Ethiopia, where this species is endemic)

Enteromius arcislongae (Keilhack 1908) per Keilhack (1910), named for Langenburg, a colonial German town (now Lubila) at LakeMalawi, Tanzania, presumably the type locality: arcis (L.), castle; longus (L.), i.e., of Langenburg (Longcastle in English)

Enteromius argenteus (Günther 1868) Latin for silvery, referring to its “uniform silvery” coloration

Enteromius aspilus (Boulenger 1907) ἀ- (Gr. privative), i.e., without; spilus, from spílos (Gr. σπίλος), mark or spot, referring to lack of markings

Enteromius atakorensis (Daget 1957) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: a creek in Atakora Mountains, Republic of Benin, type locality

Enteromius atkinsoni (Bailey 1969) in honor of the late Maurice Atkinson, Lake Victoria and Tanzanian Fisheries Service, “who had a wide interest in the biology and correct identification of East African fishes, and whose contributions in the realm of fisheries development and training, will long be valued by his colleagues and students alike”

Enteromius atromaculatus (Nichols & Griscom 1917) atro-, from ater (L.), black; maculatus (L.), spotted, referring to 3–7 black spots on each side, connected by a dark lateral streak

Enteromius bagbwensis (Norman 1932) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Bagbwe River, Sierra Leone, type locality

Enteromius baleensis Prokofiev, Levin & Golubtsov 2021 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Bale Province, southeastern Ethiopia, where type locality (Shaya River, Weyb River drainage) is situated

Enteromius barnardi (Jubb 1965) in honor of English-born South African zoologist Keppel Harcourt Barnard (1887–1964), South African Museum, for his “remarkable contributions” to the taxonomy of South African fishes

Enteromius barotseensis (Pellegrin 1920) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Barotsés, northwestern Rhodesia, type locality

Enteromius baudoni (Boulenger 1918) in honor of French colonial administrator Alfred Baudon (1875–1932), who sent to the British Museum (Natural History) a collection of fishes from the Shari River, including holotype of this one

Enteromius bawkuensis (Hopson 1965) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: White Volta and its tributaries near Bawku, northern Ghana, only known distribution

Enteromius bifrenatus (Fowler 1935) bi-, from bis (L.), twice; frenatus (L.), bridled, referring to two distinct black lateral stripes beginning on snout and running through eye and gill cover and down body

Enteromius bigornei (Lévêque, Teugels & Thys van den Audenaerde 1988) in honor of friend and colleague Rémy Bigorne (b. 1954), ichthyologist, ORSTOM (Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d’Outre-Mer)

Enteromius boboi (Schultz 1942) in honor of one of the local men who helped William M. Munn, director of the National Zoological Park (Washington, D.C.), collect fishes in Liberia

Enteromius bourdariei (Pellegrin 1928) in honor of French ethologist and sociologist Paul Bourdarie (1864–1950), co-founder and permanent secretary of l’Académie des Sciences Coloniales (now l’Académie des sciences d’outre-mer), a learned society dedicated to the geography and history of Africa, Latin America, Asia and Oceania

Enteromius brachygramma (Boulenger 1915) brachýs (Gr. βραχύς), short; grammḗ (Gr. γραμμή), line or stroke of the pen, presumably referring to incomplete lateral line and/or “poorly defined” (translation) blackish lateral band

Enteromius brazzai (Pellegrin 1901) in honor of Franco-Italian explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (1852–1905), who collected holotype

Enteromius breviceps (Trewavas 1936) brevis (L.), short; –ceps (Neo-Latin), headed, referring to smaller head compared with E. unitaeniatus

Enteromius brevidorsalis (Boulenger 1915) brevis (L.), short; dorsalis (Neo-Latin), dorsal, referring to shorter second dorsal ray compared with other barbs with a single pair of barbels described in same paper

Enteromius brevilateralis (Poll 1967) brevis (L.), short; lateralis (L.), of the side, referring to its shorter lateral line compared with E. kessleri

Enteromius brevipinnis (Jubb 1966) brevis (L.), short; pinnis, Neo-Latin adjective of pinna (L.), fin, referring to very short fins (compared with E. viviparus) on type specimens (probably caused by environmental factors and not typical of most populations; see Skelton [1993], A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa)

Enteromius brichardi (Poll & Lambert 1959) in honor of Belgian aquarium-fish exporter Pierre Brichard (1921–1990), who collected holotype

Enteromius cadenati (Daget 1962) in honor of French ichthyologist Jean Cadenat (1908–1992), Director, Marine Biological Section of the Institut Français d’Afrique Noire, which published Daget’s monograph, and who collected one specimen in 1947

Enteromius callipterus (Boulenger 1907) pretty-winged, from kállos (Gr. κάλλος) beauty, and pterón (Gr. πτερόν) or ptéryx (πτέρυξ), wing or fin, referring to orange (basal) and white (distal) dorsal fin, with a large deep spot between last simple ray and branched third ray

Enteromius camptacanthus (Bleeker 1863) camptos, from kamptós (Gr. καμπτός), flexible; acanthus (L.), from ákantha (Gr. ἄκανθα), thorn, referring to its more flexible dorsal fin spine compared with presumed congeners in Puntius (its original genus)

Enteromius candens (Nichols & Griscom 1917) Latin for shining or gleaming, presumably referring to its being a “very distinct and beautiful little species”

Enteromius carcharhinoides (Stiassny 1991) –oides, Latinized suffix adopted from eī́dos (Gr. εἶδος), form or shape: Carcharias, genus of Sand Tiger Shark and specific epithet of Great White Shark, from kárcharos (Gr. κάρχαρος), saw-like or jagged, referring to a shark’s teeth, in this case referring to the barb’s large and strongly falcate dorsal fin, which gives it a shark-like appearance

Enteromius carens (Boulenger 1912) Latin for lacking or to be without, referring to the absence of barbels and any indication of a lateral line

Enteromius castrasibutum (Fowler 1936) castrum (L.), fort; sibutum, presumably a Latinization of Sibut, referring to Fort Sibut, Ubangi-Shari (now Central African Republic), type locality

Enteromius catenarius (Poll & Lambert 1959) Latin for chained, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to interrupted black longitudinal band composed of 3–5 elongated spots, and/or scales on upper part of body largely (or completely) bordered in brown, either attribute forming a chain-like effect

Enteromius caudosignatus (Poll 1967) caudo-, from cauda (L.), tail; signatus (L.), marked, referring to large oval black spot at base of tail

Enteromius cernuus (Barnard 1938) Latin for stooping forwards or head-foremost, allusion not explained nor evident, perhaps referring to its “short rounded snout,” giving it the common name “Chubby-nose”

Enteromius chicapaensis (Poll 1967) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Alto Chicapa, marsh along River Coca, Angola, type locality

Enteromius chiumbeensis (Pellegrin 1936) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Kasai River at Chiumbé, Angola, type locality

Enteromius chlorotaenia (Boulenger 1911) chlōrós (Gr. χλωρός), green; taenia-, from tainía (Gr. ταινία), band or ribbon, referring to dark green (black in spirits) lateral stripe

Enteromius choloensis (Norman 1925) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Cholo, Nyasaland (Malawi), type locality

Enteromius citrinus (Boulenger 1920) Latin for like a citron (a lemon-like fruit), referring to lemon-yellow coloration of body and fins

Enteromius clauseni (Thys van den Audenaerde 1976) in honor of Danish ichthyologist H. Stenholt Clausen (1921–2002), who collected holotype

Enteromius collarti (Poll 1945) in honor of Belgian entomologist Albert Collart (1899–1993), who collected holotype

Enteromius condei (Mahnert & Géry 1982) in honor of French zoologist Bruno Condé (1920–2004), director of l’Aquarium de Nancy, who helped collect holotype

Enteromius deguidei (Matthes 1964) in honor of R. Deguide, Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, for his invaluable assistance during Matthes’ research in the Ikela region of the Congo

Enteromius deserti (Pellegrin 1909) presumably “of the desert,” referring to its occurrence in the Algerian Sahara, which Pellegrin found to be quite remarkable

Enteromius devosi (Banyankimbona, Vreven & Snoeks 2012) in honor of the late Luc De Vos (1957–2003), “outstanding Belgian ichthyologist and dear colleague and friend,” whose “remarkable collecting efforts and scientific determination” contributed to the knowledge of Malagarazi fishes, and who was the first to recognize this species as new to science

Enteromius dialonensis (Daget 1962) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: northeastern Fouta Dialon (also spelled Djallon), highland region in the center of Guinea, where it occurs

Enteromius diamouanganai (Teugels & Mamonekene 1992) in honor of ecologist Jean Diamouangana, UNESCO National Project Director in Mayombe, Congo, which supported the authors’ work

Enteromius ditinensis (Daget 1962) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Ditinn, Lower Guinea, type locality

Enteromius dorsolineatus (Trewavas 1936) dorsum (L.), back; lineatus (L.), lined, referring to dark stripe before dorsal fin

Enteromius eburneensis (Poll 1941) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: eburnus (L.), of ivory, referring to type locality in the Ivory Coast

Enteromius erythrozonus (Poll & Lambert 1959) erythrós (Gr. ἐρυθρός), red; zonus, unnecessary masculinization of zona (L.), band, referring to broad gold-red longitudinal band

Enteromius eutaenia (Boulenger 1904) eū́- (Gr. εὖ), an intensive prefix, e.g., good, well or very; taenia, from tainía (Gr. ταινία), band or ribbon, referring to “sharply defined” black lateral band passing through eyes and extending to caudal fin

Enteromius evansi (Fowler 1930) in honor of J. R. Evans, an American living in Angola, who accompanied Fowler on the Gray African Expedition (during which holotype was collected), and “whose knowledge of the country and its languages was invaluable to the success of the expedition”

Enteromius fasciolatus (Günther 1868) diminutive of fasciatus (L.), banded, i.e., with small bands, referring to ~12 narrow blackish-blue vertical streaks on sides

Enteromius foutensis (Lévêque, Teugels & Thys van den Audenaerde 1988) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Fouta Djallon, highland region in the middle of Guinea, West Africa, where it appears to be endemic

Enteromius greenwoodi (Poll 1967) in honor of English ichthyologist Peter Humphry Greenwood (1927–1995), Curator of the Fish Section of the British Museum, author of many papers on African fishes in general and Enteromius in particular

Enteromius guildi (Loiselle 1973) in honor of Paul D. Guild (b. 1943), friend and Peace Corps colleague for three years in the Republic of Togo

Enteromius guineensis (Pellegrin 1913) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Guinea, where it is endemic

Enteromius guirali (Thominot 1886) in honor of French explorer and naturalist Léon Guiral (1858–1885), who collected holotype in Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) in 1885 (and who died, presumably of yellow fever, shortly thereafter)

Enteromius gurneyi (Günther 1868) in honor of John Henry Gurney (1819–1890), English banker and amateur ornithologist, through whose “mediation” Günther received numerous specimens from Port Natal (now Durban), South Africa

Enteromius haasianus (David 1936) –anus (L.), belonging to: malacologist Fritz Haas (1886–1969), who collected holotype

Enteromius holotaenia (Boulenger 1904) hólos (Gr. ὅλος), whole or entire; taenia, from tainía (Gr. ταινία), band or ribbon, referring to black band running entire length of body, from snout to caudal-fin base

Enteromius huguenyi (Bigorne & Lévêque 1993) in honor of friend and colleague Bernard Hugueny, ecologist and limnologist, IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris)

Enteromius hulstaerti (Poll 1945) in honor of Révérend Père Gustaaf Hulstaert (1900–1990), entomologist, botanist and missionary in the Belgian Congo, who collected holotype

Enteromius humeralis (Boulenger 1902) Latin for humeral, presumably referring to black vertical bar behind gill opening (in the area analogous to the humerus, or shoulder)

Enteromius humilis (Boulenger 1902) Latin for modest or unassuming, allusion not explained, perhaps not as colorful or distinctively marked as some or most of the other Abyssianian Enteromius Boulenger described in the same paper

Enteromius inaequalis (Lévêque, Teugels & Thys van den Audenaerde 1988) Latin for unequal; “inégal, difficile à reconnaître,” per the authors, (unequal, difficult to recognize), allusion not explained, perhaps referring to its previous misidentification as E. boboi

Enteromius innocens (Pfeffer 1896) Latin for harmless or inoffensive, presumably referring to its “weak and pliable” (translation) dorsal-fin ray

Enteromius jacksoni (Günther 1889) in honor of Frederick John Jackson (1859–1929), English administrator, explorer and ornithologist, who “obtained” holotype

Enteromius jae (Boulenger 1903) of the Ja River, southern Cameroon, type locality

Enteromius janssensi (Poll 1976) in memory of entomologist André Janssens (1906–1954), who participated in a large-scale faunal survey (1946–1949) of Upemba National Park (Democratic Republic of the Congo), type locality

Enteromius kamolondoensis (Poll 1938) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Kamolondo, a plain that crosses the Lualaba River downstream of Bukama, Democratic Republic of Congo, type locality

Enteromius kerstenii (Peters 1868) in honor of German chemist and explorer Otto Kersten (1839–1900), who unsuccessfully attempted to climb Mt. Kilimanjaro in 1862, and sent a small collection of fishes to Peters, including holotype of this one

Enteromius kessleri (Steindachner 1866) patronym not identified but probably in honor of German-Russian zoologist Karl Federovich Kessler (1815–1881), who described at least two cyprinids by 1866 (and many more thereafter)

Enteromius kissiensis (Daget 1954) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Kissidougon, Guinea, type locality, where Kissi is the largest ethnic group

Enteromius kuiluensis (Pellegrin 1930) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Kouilou River, Gabon, type locality

Enteromius lamani (Lönnberg & Rendahl 1920) in honor of Swedish missionary and ethnographer Karl Edvard Laman (1867–1944), who sent a small collection of fishes from the lower Congo to the Riksmuseet Natural History Museum in Stockholm, including holotype of this one

Enteromius laticeps (Pfeffer 1889) latus (L.), wide or broad; –ceps (Neo-Latin), headed, referring to its very wide, dorsally flattened head

Enteromius lauzannei (Lévêque & Paugy 1982) in honor of friend and colleague Laurent Lauzanne, French ichthyologist and hydrobiologist

Enteromius leonensis (Boulenger 1915) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Maka, Sierra Leone, type locality

Enteromius liberiensis Steindachner 1894) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Grand Cape Mount and Robertsport, Liberia, type locality

Enteromius lineomaculatus (Boulenger 1903) linea (L.), line; maculatus (L.), spotted, referring to series of irregular black spots on sides, more or less connected by a dark lateral streak

Enteromius litamba (Keilhack 1908) local name for this barb at Lake Malawi

Enteromius lornae (Ricardo-Bertram 1943) in honor of Lorna Brown (1908–2002), wife of English aristocrat Stewart Gore-Brown (1883–1967), residents of Shiwa Ngandu, an English-style country house and estate in Zambia, who helped and advised the author during her expedition there

Enteromius loveridgii (Boulenger 1916) in honor of British herpetologist-ornithologist Arthur Loveridge (1891–1980), Curator of the Nairobi Museum (this species is endemic to Kenya)

Enteromius lufukiensis (Boulenger 1917) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Lufuko River at Pala, Lake Tanganyika, type locality

Enteromius luikae (Ricardo 1939) of Luika Pool, below falls of Luika River (Tanzania), type locality

Enteromius lujae (Boulenger 1913) in honor of Luxembourgers botanist and entomologist Edouard Luja (1875–1953), resident of Kasai, Zaire (type locality), who collected holotype [although named after a man, “ae” is, per Latin grammar, a nomenclaturally acceptable way to form a genitive from grammatically masculine nouns that end in “a”]

Enteromius lukindae (Boulenger 1915) of the Lukinda River drainage, Democratic Republic of the Congo, type locality

Enteromius lukusiensis (David & Poll 1937) -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Lukusi River, Democratic Republic of the Congo, type locality

Enteromius luluae (Fowler 1930) of the Lulua River, Democratic Republic of the Congo, type locality

Enteromius machadoi (Poll 1967) in honor of the “distinguished” (translation) Portuguese zoologist António de Barros Machado (1912–2002), Musée de Dundo (described from Dundo, Angola)

Enteromius macinensis (Daget 1954) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Macina (Inner Niger Delta), where it is endemic

Enteromius macrops (Boulenger 1911) macro-, from makrós (Gr. μακρός), long or large; ṓps (Gr. ὦψ), eye, referring to its much larger eye compared with E. ablabes

Enteromius macrotaenia (Worthington 1933) macro-, from makrós (Gr. μακρός), long or large; taenia, from tainía (Gr. ταινία), band or ribbon, referring to broad, black stripe from tip of snout to base of caudal fin

Enteromius magdalenae (Boulenger 1906) in honor of Magdalene (or Magdalena) Milchin, wife of British zoologist of Edward Alfred Milchin, whom Boulenger honored in the same paper (Barbus milchini, now a junior synonym of E. kerstenii) for his service to African ichthyology

Enteromius mandelai Kambikambi, Kadye & Chakona 2021 in honor of Nelson Mandela (1918–2013), South Africa’s first democratically elected head of state, who was from the Eastern Cape Province where this species is endemic, for his “legacy and selfless contribution towards promotion of peace, democracy, human rights, equality, social justice and sustainable development”

Enteromius manicensis (Pellegrin 1919) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Manica, Mozambique, type locality

Enteromius marmoratus (David & Poll 1937) Latin for marbled or mottled, probably referring to scales edged with black and/or black stripe on the sides divided into smaller vertical bands

Enteromius martorelli (Roman 1971) in honor of Fernando Martorell, teacher at the Escuela de Artes y Oficios La Salle, Bata, Equatorial Guinea (type locality), as a “token of gratitude” (translation)

Enteromius mattozi (Guimarães 1884) in honor of Ferdinand dos Santos Mattozo (1849–1921), Portuguese politician, diplomat and zoology professor, l’École Polytechnique de Lisbonne

Enteromius mediosquamatus (Poll 1967) medio-, from medius (L.), middle; squamatus (L.), scaled, probably referring to taller size of lateral-line scales compared with adjacent scales

Enteromius melanotaenia (Stiassny 1991) mélanos (Gr. μέλανος), genitive of mélas (μέλας), black; taenia, from tainía (Gr. ταινία), band or ribbon, referring to its broad, ribbon-like black lateral stripe

Enteromius mimus (Boulenger 1912) Latin for actor or mime, referring to its “striking resemblance” to E. neglectus

Enteromius miolepis (Boulenger 1902) mio-, from meíōn (Gr. μείων), lesser or smaller; lepίs (Gr. λεπίς), scale, presumably referring to fewer scale rows below lateral line compared with E. kessleri

Enteromius mocoensis (Trewavas 1936) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: a brook at Mt. Moco, Cuvo River system, Angola, type locality

Enteromius mohasicus (Pappenheim 1914) –icus (L.), belonging to: Lake Mohasi, Rwanda, type locality

Enteromius motebensis (Steindachner 1894) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Motebe River, Marico District, South Africa, type locality

Enteromius multilineatus (Worthington 1933) multi– (L.), many; lineatus (L.), lined, referring to series of three broken bands above lateral stripe and two below

Enteromius musumbi (Boulenger 1910) native name for this species in Angola

Enteromius neefi (Greenwood 1962) in honor of neef, Afrikaans for nephew, a humorous acknowledgment to Graham Bell-Cross (1927–1998), Zambia Department of Game and Fisheries, who collected holotype and often called Greenwood oom, Afrikaans for uncle [Paul Skelton, pers. comm.]

Enteromius neglectus (Boulenger 1903) Latin for overlooked; Boulenger had initially regarded the species as the young of E. perince

Enteromius neumayeri (Fischer 1884) in honor of George von Neumayer (1826–1909), director of German Marine Observatory and vice-chairman of the Geographical Society in Hamburg

Enteromius nigeriensis (Boulenger 1903) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Niger River Delta, type locality

Enteromius nigrifilis (Nichols 1928) niger (L.), black; filum (L.), thread, referring to black “thread-like” stripe on side from shoulder to base of caudal fin

Enteromius nigroluteus (Pellegrin 1930) nigro-, from niger (L.), dark or black; luteus (L.), yellow, referring to its yellowish back, sulfur-yellow snout, and broad black band along the sides

Enteromius niokoloensis (Daget 1959) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal, type locality

Enteromius nounensis (Van den Bergh & Teugels 1998) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Noun River, Cameroon, type locality

Enteromius nyanzae (Whitehead 1960) of Nyanza Province, Kenya, type locality

Enteromius okae (Fowler 1949) of Oka, Democratic Republic of the Congo, type locality

Enteromius oligogrammus (David 1937) olígos (Gr. ὀλίγος), few or scanty; grammus, scientific Neo-Latin derived from grammḗ (Gr. γραμμή), line or stroke of the pen, referring to its incomplete lateral line, just 4–13 scales

Enteromius olivaceus (Seegers 1996) Latin for olive-colored, referring to its olive-green coloration

Enteromius oraniensis (Barnard 1943) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Orange River basin, South Africa, where it is endemic [Barnard apparently used the Afrikaans spelling, Oranje, with the Neo-Latin “j” replaced by the classical Latin “i”]

Enteromius owenae (Ricardo-Bertram 1943) in honor of Rachel Janet Trant née Owen (1912–?), who studied fishes with the author in Lake Rukwa (Tanzania) and the Bangweulu Region of Zambia

Enteromius pallidus (Smith 1841) Latin for pale, presumably referring to silvery sides and ventral surface in females and non-breeding males

Enteromius paludinosus (Peters 1852) Latin for swampy or marshy, presumably referring to its preference for well-vegetated swamp- and marsh-like waters

Enteromius papilio (Banister & Bailey 1979) Latin for butterfly, referring to its “striking” color pattern (deep brown lateral band on a “pale sandy khaki” body), especially the dark fins

Enteromius parablabes (Daget 1957) pará (Gr. παρά), near, referring to its similarity to E. ablabes

Enteromius parajae (Van den Bergh & Teugels 1998) para– (Gr. παρά), near, referring to its close morphological relationship to E. jae

Enteromius pellegrini (Poll 1939) in honor of French zoologist Jacques Pellegrin (1873–1944), who described this barb in 1935 but used a preoccupied name (Barbus serrifer trimaculata)

Enteromius perince (Rüppell 1835) vernacular for this barb in the markets of early 19th-century Cairo, Egypt

Enteromius petchkovskyi (Poll 1967) in honor of “Monsieur” de Petchkovsky (forename not given), for his help in collecting fishes, presumably in Angola

Enteromius pinnimaculatus Mipounga, Cutler, Mve Beh, Adam & Sidlauskas 2019 pinni-, from pinna (L.), fin; maculatus (L.), spotted, referring to multiple small dark spots on dorsal fin, a rare characteristic in Enteromius

Enteromius pleurogramma (Boulenger 1902) pleuro-, from pleurá (Gr. πλευρά), side; gramma, from grammḗ (Gr. γραμμή), line or stroke of the pen, referring to black line on each side of body

Enteromius pobeguini (Pellegrin 1911) in honor of Charles Henri Oliver Pobeguin (1856–1951), French botanist and colonial administrator in French Africa, who sent holotype to the Muséum d’histoire naturelle de Paris in 1904

Enteromius poechii (Steindachner 1911) in honor of Austrian anthropologist and ethnologist Rudolf Pöch (1870–1921), who collected holotype

Enteromius potamogalis Cope 1867 potamós (Gr. ποταμός), river; galis, from galéē (Gr. γαλέη) or galḗ (γαλῆ), weasel, allusion not explained, presumably referring to the piscivorous Otter Shrew Potamogale velox, described a year later by Paul Belloni Du Chaillu (1831–1903), who collected holotype of this barb and included an illustration of an Otter Shrew on the bank of a river with a large barb in its forepaws in his 1867 book A Journey to Ashango-land: and Further Penetration into Equatorial Africa

Enteromius prionacanthus (Mahnert & Géry 1982) saw-thorned, from príōn (Gr. πρίων), saw, and ákantha (Gr. ἄκανθα), thorn, referring to strongly ossified last simple ray of dorsal fin, serrated on posterior side

Enteromius profundus (Greenwood 1970) Latin for deep, occurring in the deep waters of Lake Victoria

Enteromius pseudotoppini (Seegers 1996) pseudo-, from pseúdēs (Gr. ψεύδης), false, i.e., although this species resembles (and was previously misidentified as) E. toppini, such an appearance is false

Enteromius pumilus (Boulenger 1901) Latin for dwarfish of diminutive, referring to its small size (type specimens up to 26 mm TL)

Enteromius punctitaeniatus (Daget 1954) punctus (L.), spot; taeniatus (L.), banded, referring to lateral band formed by a discontinuous series of black spots

Enteromius pygmaeus (Poll & Gosse 1963) Latin for dwarfish, referring to small size, up to 25.8 mm TL

Enteromius quadrilineatus (David 1937) quadri-, from quattuor (L.), four; lineatus (L.), lined, referring to 3–4 black streaks above and below lateral line

Enteromius quadripunctatus (Pfeffer 1896) quadri-, from quattuor (L.), four; punctatus, spotted, referring to 3–4 small round blackish spots on each side, the last at caudal-fin base

Enteromius radari Kisekelwa, Snoeks, Decru, Schedel, Isumbisho & Vreven 2022 in honor of Honoris Radar Nishilu, former chief manager of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park (2008–2016), Democratic Republic of the Congo, for his “commitment to and support for biodiversity assessments and scientific research in the park and particularly for our investigations”

Enteromius radiatus (Peters 1853) Latin for rayed, allusion not explained, probably referring to the radial striations of its scales (a feature Peters discussed and illustrated in 1868)

Enteromius raimbaulti (Daget 1962) in honor of R. Raimbault, inspector, Eaux et Forêts (Waters and Forests), for his role in facilitating Daget’s missions in Guinea and/or help collecting fishes

Enteromius rohani (Pellegrin 1921) in honor of French explorer Jacques de Rohan-Chabot (1889–1958), who collected holotype

Enteromius roussellei (Ladiges & Voelker 1961) in honor of Ardo Rousselle, from whose plantation in Angola the holotype was collected

Enteromius rouxi (Daget 1961) in honor of zoologist Charles Roux (1920–ca. 2000), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (Paris), who collected holotype

Enteromius rubrostigma (Poll & Lambert 1964) rubro-, from ruber (L.), red; stígma (Gr. στίγμα), mark or spot, referring to red spot on opercle

Enteromius salessei (Pellegrin 1908) in honor of French military engineer Eugène Pierre Mathieu Salesse (1858–1932), who “greatly facilitated” (translation) the ichthyological research of Dr. Wurtz (see Labeobarbus wurtzi, Torinae) during the latter’s travels through Senegal and French Guinea

Enteromius sensitivus (Roberts 2010) Latin for sensitive, referring to numerous pitline sensory organelles characteristic of this species

Enteromius serengetiensis (Farm 2000) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, type locality

Enteromius sexradiatus (Boulenger 1911) sex (L.). six; radiatus (L.), rayed, presumably referring to six soft dorsal fin rays

Enteromius seymouri (Tweddle & Skelton 2008) in honor of the late Anthony G. “Tony” Seymour (1948–2006), Malawi Government Fisheries Department, close friend and colleague of the first author, for his many years of environmental management and conservation service, and for his long-term commitment to supporting Lake Malawi’s fishermen

Enteromius stanleyi (Poll & Gosse 1974) in memory of Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904), “du grand explorateur” of the Congo Basin (where this fish occurs), famous for his expedition in search of David Livingstone and for uttering the phrase, upon tracking him down, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume”

Enteromius stauchi (Daget 1967) in honor of French oceanographer-ichthyologist Alfred Stauch (1921–1993), Agent Technique de l’O.R.S.T.O.M. (Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d’Outre-Mer), who collected holotype

Enteromius stigmasemion (Fowler 1936) stígma (Gr. στίγμα), mark or spot; sēmeī́on (Gr. σημεῖον), flag or banner, referring to black blotch on dorsal fin

Enteromius stigmatopygus (Boulenger 1903) stigmatus, Latin adjectival form of stígma (Gr. στίγμα), mark or spot; pygus, from pygḗ (Gr. πυγή), rump or buttock, presumably referring to small round black spot at base of anal fin

Enteromius subinensis (Hopson 1965) -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Subin River, Prah basin, Juaso, Ghana, type locality

Enteromius sublineatus (Daget 1954) sub (L.), under; lineatus (L.), lined, referring to how lateral line dips one scale row under dorsal fin

Enteromius sylvaticus (Loiselle & Welcomme 1971) –icus (L.), belonging to: sylva (L.), forest, referring to its forest-stream habitat

Enteromius syntrechalepis (Fowler 1949) syntréchein (Gr. συντρέχειν), run together or meet; lepίs (Gr. λεπίς), scale, referring to body scales “converging smaller on tail posteriorly and on caudal peduncle”

Enteromius taeniopleura (Boulenger 1917) taenio-, from tainía (Gr. ταινία), band or ribbon; pleurá (Gr. πλευρά), side, referring to narrow blackish lateral band from gill cover to base of caudal fin

Enteromius taeniurus (Boulenger 1903) ribbon-tailed, from tainía (Gr. ταινία), band or ribbon, and ourá (Gr. οὐρά), tail, referring to black band on each side of caudal peduncle

Enteromius tanapelagius (de Graaf, Dejen, Sibbing & Osse 2000) tana, referring to Lake Tana, Ethiopia, where barb is part of an endemic cyprinid species flock; pelagius, pelagic, referring to occurrence in deeper, offshore waters

Enteromius tangandensis (Jubb 1954) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Tanganda River, Rhodesia, type locality

Enteromius tegulifer (Fowler 1936) tegula (L.), roofing tile; -fer, from fero (L.), to have or bear, referring to dark spots on sides “appearing like tiles”

Enteromius tetrastigma (Boulenger 1913) tetrá (Gr. τετρά), four; stígma (Gr. στίγμα), mark or spot, referring to four rounded black spots on each side of body, two each above and below lateral line

Enteromius teugelsi (Bamba, Vreven & Snoeks 2011) in honor of Guy G. Teugels (1954–2003), Belgian curator of fishes at the Musée Royale de l’Afrique Centrale, “an outstanding ichthyologist who introduced the first and second author to fish taxonomy and greatly contributed to the knowledge of the African fishes over the last twenty years”

Enteromius thamalakanensis (Fowler 1935) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Thamalakane River, Botswana, type locality

Enteromius thespesios Manda, Snoeks, Decru, Bills & Vreven 2020 thespésios (Gr. θεσπέσιος), divinely sounding or uttered (authors say ineffable, divine or wondrous), “referring to the sense of wonder that this little fish evokes by its delicate beauty”

Enteromius thysi (Trewavas 1974) in honor of Belgian ichthyologist D. Thys van den Audenaerde (b. 1934), who collected this species in Fernando Poo (now Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea) and recorded difference in color pattern between it and E. trispilos

Enteromius tiekoroi (Lévêque, Teugels & Thys van den Audenaerde 1987) in honor of West African fisherman Tiekoro Sineogo, with whom the authors have worked since 1975

Enteromius tomiensis (Fowler 1936) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Tomi River at Fort Sibut, Ubangi-Shari (now Central African Republic), type locality

Enteromius tongaensis (Rendahl 1935) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Tonga, in the Sudan, type locality

Enteromius toppini (Boulenger 1916) in honor of Fred Toppin (1878–1918), English professional collector of natural history specimens hired by the Natal Museum (South Africa), who collected holotype

Enteromius traorei (Lévêque, Teugels & Thys van den Audenaerde 1987) in honor of friend and colleague Kassoum Traoré (d. 2012), research hydrobiologist and Secretary General of l’Institut d’Écologie tropicale d’Abidjan, Ivory Coast, where this species is endemic

Enteromius treurensis (Groenewald 1958) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Treur River, Transvaal, South Africa, type locality

Enteromius trimaculatus (Peters 1852) tri– (L.), three; maculatus (L.), spotted, referring to three black spots, two on side and one at base of caudal peduncle

Enteromius trinotatus (Fowler 1936) tri– (L.), three; notatus (L.), marked, referring to 3–5 black spots on sides

Enteromius trispiloides (Lévêque, Teugels & Thys van den Audenaerde 1987) -oides, Latinized suffix adopted from eī́dos (Gr. εἶδος), form or shape: B. trispilos, both of which have three round spots along middle of body

Enteromius trispilomimus (Boulenger 1907) tri– (L.), three; spílos (Gr. σπίλος), mark or spot; mimus (L.), actor or mime, referring to how three large round black spots on each side of body “strikingly resembles” those of E. trispilos

Enteromius trispilopleura (Boulenger 1902) tri– (L.), three; spílos (Gr. σπίλος), mark or spot; pleurá (Gr. πλευρά), side, referring to three round black spots on each side of body

Enteromius trispilos (Bleeker 1863) tri– (L.), three; spílos (Gr. σπίλος), mark or spot, referring to three rounds spots along middle of body

Enteromius tshopoensis (De Vos 1991) -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Tshopo River, middle Congo River basin, Democratic Republic of the Congo, where most of the type specimens were collected

Enteromius turkanae (Hopson & Hopson 1982) of Lake Turkana, Kenya, where it is endemic

Enteromius unitaeniatus (Günther 1866) uni-, from unus (L.), one; taeniatus (L.), banded, referring to greyish or blackish band that runs from eye to caudal fin

Enteromius urostigma (Boulenger 1917) uro, from ourá (Gr. οὐρά), tail; stígma (Gr. στίγμα), mark or spot, referring to round black spot at base of caudal fin

Enteromius usambarae (Lönnberg 1907) of Usambara, presumably referring to region near Usambara Mountains in northeast Tanzania, near or overlooking type locality in Tanga

Enteromius validus (Stiassny, Liyandja & Monsembula Iyaba 2016) Latin for strong or powerful, referring to its robust appearance

Enteromius vanderysti (Poll 1945) in honor of Hyacinthe Julien Robert Vanderyst (1860–1934), Belgian missionary, explorer, botanist, agronomist, and entomologist in the Belgian Congo, who collected holotype in 1931

Enteromius vandewallei Lederoun & Vreven 2016 in honor of Belgian ichthyologist Pierre Vandewalle (d. 2020), University of Liège, who introduced the first author to fish taxonomy

Enteromius venustus (Bailey 1980) Latin for charming or beautiful, referring to the “attractive appearance of this small fish in life” (orange-red upper flanks, caudal peduncle and tail)

Enteromius viktorianus (Lohberger 1929) –anus (L.), belonging to: Lake Victoria basin, Kenya, where it appears to be endemic

Enteromius viviparus (Weber 1897) Latin for livebearer, reflecting Weber’s mistaken belief that it is viviparous (he described unborn fry with yolk sacs in the ovary of his specimen, which were actually undigested fry from a cichlid species in the stomach)

Enteromius walkeri (Boulenger 1904) in honor of the late Robert Bruce Napoleon Walker (1832–1901), British trader, explorer, anthropologist and natural history collector in West African, who collected holotype

Enteromius walshae Mamonekene, Ibala Zamba & Stiassny 2018 in honor of colleague Gina Walsh (University of Witwatersrand, South Africa), whose “ongoing research continues to enhance conservation efforts throughout the region”

Enteromius wellmani (Boulenger 1911) in honor of American medical missionary and tropical medicine specialist Frederick Creighton Wellman (1871–1960), who collected holotype

Enteromius werneri (Boulenger 1905) in honor of Dr. F. Werner, probably Austrian zoologist and explorer Franz Werner (1867–1939), who “recently rediscovered” this species at Wadi Halfa, a city in the Northern state of Sudan [treated as a synonym of E. stigmatopygus by some workers]

Enteromius yardiensis Englmaier, Tesfaye & Bogutskaya 2020 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Lake Yardi, Afar Region, Ethiopia, where it is abundant

Enteromius yeiensis (Johnsen 1926) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Yei River, Sudan, type locality

Enteromius yongei (Whitehead 1960) in honor of English zoologist Charles Maurice Yonge (1899–1986), for the “interest he has shown and the assistance he has given to many aspects of fishery research in East Africa”

Enteromius zalbiensis (Blache & Miton 1960) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Zalbi, Chad, paratype locality

Enteromius zanzibaricus (Peters 1868) -icus (L.), belonging to: Zanzibar, a possible misnomer since this species does not occur there; perhaps name refers to general vicinity of type locality (Mombassa, Kenya) to the Zanzibar Archipelago

Haludaria Pethiyagoda 2013 -ia (L. suffix), belonging to: Haludar, a Bengal youth (ca. 1797) who illustrated Francis Hamilton’s 1822 Gangetic Fishes, a founder work in Indian ichthyology [replacement name for Dravidia Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura & Maduwage 2012, preoccupied in by Dravidia Lehrer 2010 in Diptera]

Haludaria afasciata (Jayaram 1990) ἀ- (Gr. privative), i.e., without; fasciata (L.), banded, referring to its lack of vertical bands, like those on H. fasciata

Haludaria fasciata (Jerdon 1849) Latin for banded, referring to three dark vertical bands on body (of fresh specimens)

Haludaria kannikattiensis (Arunachalam & Johnson 2003) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Kannikatti Reserve Forest region, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India, type locality

Haludaria melanampyx (Day 1865) mélanos (Gr. μέλανος), genitive of mélas (μέλας), black; ámpyx (Gr. ἄμπυξ), headdress or fillet, presumably referring to vertical black band behind eye

Haludaria pradhani (Tilak 1973) in honor of K. S. Pradhan (1918–?), Superintending Zoologist, Zoological Survey of India, who collected holotype

Hampala Kuhl & van Hasselt 1823 from Hampel, local Javanese name for H. macrolepidota

Hampala ampalong (Bleeker 1852) from Hampalong, one of the local Malay names for species of Capoeta (in which this species was originally described)

Hampala bimaculata (Popta 1905) bi-, from bis (L.), twice; maculata (L.), spotted, referring to two vertical blotches on side, one under dorsal and other on anterior part of caudal peduncle

Hampala dispar Smith 1934 Latin for unlike or dissimilar, referring to how in most characters (e.g., shape, squamation, fin rays) it “agrees closely” with H. macrolepidota but differs in coloration and “certain minor morphological features”

Hampala lopezi Herre 1924 in honor of G. A. Lopez, collector for the Philippine Bureau of Science, who obtained holotype

Hampala macrolepidota Kuhl & van Hasselt 1823 large-scaled, from makrós (Gr. μακρός), long or large, and lepidōtós (Gr. λεπιδωτός), scaly, allusion not explained, possibly referring to larger scales (~28 along lateral line) compared with Leuciscus (which at the time was a catch-all cyprinid genus)

Hampala sabana Inger & Chin 1962 –ana (L.), belonging to: Sabah, earlier name for North Borneo, where it is endemic

Hampala salweenensis Doi & Taki 1994 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Salween River basin, northwest Thailand, the only species of genus known to occur there

Namaquacypris Skelton, Swartz & Vreven 2018 Namaqua, referring to Namaqualand, a semi-desert region of the Northern Cape, South Africa and Namibia through which the lower Orange River flows, where this genus is endemic below the Augrabies waterfall; cypris, a common suffix for small cyprinoid genera, derived from Cyprinus (Common Carp)

Namaquacypris hospes (Barnard 1938) Latin for host or guest, referring to Goodhouse, name of farm on south bank of Orange River at Raman’s Drift (Namaqualand, South Africa, type locality), owned by the “hospitable” Mr. C. Weidner (as explained by Barnard in 1943)

Oliotius Kottelat 2013 combination of part of the species name oligolepis and the genus name Puntius, in which it had been placed

Oliotius oligolepis (Bleeker 1853) olígos (Gr. ὀλίγος), few or scanty; lepίs (Gr. λεπίς), scale, referring to large and therefore fewer scales, 15–16 along lateral line

Oreichthys Smith 1933 óreos (Gr. ὄρεος), genitive of óros (ὄρος), mountain or hill, referring to “free-swimming existence” of O. parvus in mountain streams; ichthýs (Gr. ἰχθύς), fish

Oreichthys andrewi Knight 2014 in honor of ornamental-fish collector Andrew Arunava Rao, Malabar Tropicals, who collected holotype, for his “enthusiasm and support to ichthyology around the world”

Oreichthys coorgensis (Jayaram 1982) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Coorg District, Karnataka, India, type locality

Oreichthys cosuatis (Hamilton 1822) Latinization of Koswati, local Bengali name for this species

Oreichthys crenuchoides Schäfer 2009 –oides, Latinized suffix adopted from eī́dos (Gr. εἶδος), form or shape: referring to how male dorsal fin resembles that of the neotropical Crenuchus spilurus (Characiformes: Crenuchidae)

Oreichthys duospilus Knight & Kumar 2015 duo (L.), two; spílos (Gr. σπίλος), mark or spot, referring to conspicuous spots on dorsal and anal fins

Oreichthys incognito Knight & Kumar 2015 Latin for having one’s true identity concealed, referring to its probably being overlooked in earlier ichthyofaunal surveys due to its similarity to Puntius vittatus (=Bhava vittata)

Oreichthys parvus Smith 1933 Latin for little, presumably referring to its small size, “little or no larger than” 3 cm

Osteobrama Heckel 1843 ostéon (Gr. ὀστέον), bone, presumably referring to dorsal-fin spine of O. cotio; brama, derived from abramís (Gr. ἀβραμίς), bream or mullet, i.e., a “bony bream”

Osteobrama alfredianus (Valenciennes 1844) –anus (L.), belonging to: French naturalist and explorer Alfred Duvaucel (1793–1824), who supplied holotype (he was also the stepson of Georges Cuvier)

Osteobrama bakeri (Day 1873) in honor of British missionary Henry Baker, Jr. (1819–1878), who collected holotype

Osteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes 1844) in honor of French botanist and explorer Charles Paulus Bélanger (1805–1881), who collected holotype

Osteobrama cotio (Hamilton 1822) Latinization of Koti, local Bengali name for this species

Osteobrama cunma (Day 1888) derived from Nga-koon-ma, Burmese vernacular for this species

Osteobrama dayi (Hora & Misra 1940) in honor of Francis Day (1829– 1889), Inspector-General of Fisheries in India, who had identified earlier collections of this species as Rohtee (now Osteobrama) belangeri and R. ogilbii

Osteobrama feae Vinciguerra 1890 in honor of Italian explorer and zoologist Leonardo Fea (1852–1903), who collected holotype [although named after a man, “ae” is, per Latin grammar, a nomenclaturally acceptable way to form a genitive from grammatically masculine nouns that end in “a”]

Osteobrama neilli (Day 1873) in honor of Scottish physician Andrew Charles Brisbane Neill (1814–1891), Madras Medical Service (retired), “esteemed friend” who communicated with Albert Günther and Pieter Bleeker on Day’s behalf and helped Day bring his 1865 Fishes of Malabar to press

Osteobrama peninsularis Silas 1952 Latin for peninsular, referring to Peninsular India, proposed as a “Peninsular Isolate” subspecies of O. cotio

Osteobrama tikarpadaensis Shangningam, Rath, Tudu & Kosygin 2020 -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Tikarpada, Odisha State, India, type locality

Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes 1839) in honor of Sykes’ friend Nicholas Aylward Vigors (1785–1840), Irish zoologist, politician and co-founder of the Zoological Society of London

Pethia Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura & Maduwage 2012 Sinhala vernacular name for small cyprinids in Sri Lanka

Pethia arunachalensis Shangningam, Kosygin & Chowdhury 2020 -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Arunachal Pradesh, India, type locality

Pethia atra (Linthoingambi & Vishwanath 2007) feminine of ater (L.), black, referring to black longitudinal stripe on body

Pethia aurea Knight 2013 Latin for golden, referring to its golden-yellow body coloration

Pethia bandula (Kottelat & Pethiyagoda 1991) in honor of Ranjit Bandula, who discovered this barb in an unnamed spring-fed stream at a natural rubber plantation near Galapitamada, Sri Lanka, and helped junior author collect type series [presumably a noun in apposition, without the patronymic “i”]

Pethia canius (Hamilton 1822) etymology not explained, perhaps a Latinization of kani, from kanipunte, a local Bengali name for an unidentified cyprinid

Pethia castor Conway, Pinion & Kottelat 2021 named for Castor, one of the Gemini, or twins, in Greek mythology, i.e., the sympatric sister species of P. pollux

Pethia chakpiensis Shangningam & Kosygin 2023 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Akaphe stream at Chakpi River, Chindwin-Irrawaddy basin, Manipur, India, type locality

Pethia conchonius (Hamilton 1822) Latinization of Kongchon, local Bengali vernacular for this species

Pethia cumingii (Günther 1868) in honor of English amateur conchologist Hugh Cuming (1791–1865), whose natural history collection (sold to the Natural History Museum in 1866) contained holotype

Pethia dikhuensis Praveenraj, Limaakum, Knight, Moulitharan & Imchen 2022 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Dikhu River, Mokochung district, Nagaland, India

Pethia didi (Kullander & Fang 2005) in honor of the authors’ (husband and wife) son Didi who, along with his brother (see P. tiantian) “had to repeatedly suffer their parents’ absence searching for these and other fish in faraway lands”; Didi (Mandarin Chinese for earth) also connotes how this species, in contrast to P. tiantian, is a “species of the lowlands, steady on earth”

Pethia erythromycter (Kullander 2008) erythrós (Gr. ἐρυθρός), red; myktḗr (Gr. μυκτήρ), nostril, referring to red snout of males

Pethia expletiforis Dishma & Vishwanath 2013 expletus (L.), complete; foris (L.), a door or gate (authors say an opening), referring to complete lateral line (consisting of pored scales, i.e., with openings)

Pethia gelius (Hamilton 1822) Latinization of Geli, from Geli pungti, Bengali vernacular for this species

Pethia guganio (Hamilton 1822) Latinization of Gugani, Bengali vernacular for this species

Pethia khugae (Linthoingambi & Vishwanath 2007) of the Khuga River, Chindwin Basin, Churachandpur District, Manipur, India, type locality

Pethia longicauda Katwate, Paingankar, Raghavan & Dahanukar 2014 longus (L.), long; cauda (L.), tail, referring to its long caudal peduncle

Pethia lutea Katwate, Raghavan, Paingankar & Dahanukar 2014 Latin for yellow, referring to its bright yellow-colored body in life

Pethia macrogramma (Kullander 2008) macro-, from makrós (Gr. μακρός), long or large; grammḗ (Gr. γραμμή), line or stroke of the pen, referring to complete or near-complete lateral line compared with short, abbreviated lateral line of others in the P. conchonius group

Pethia manipurensis (Menon, Rema Devi & Vishwanath 2000) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Manipur, India, type locality

Pethia meingangbii (Arunkumar & Tombi Singh 2003) Meingangbi, Manipuri word meaning red-colored tail, referring to its “distinctly red” caudal fin [authors do not explain why they added the extra “i”]

Pethia melanomaculata (Deraniyagala 1956) mélanos (Gr. μέλανος), genitive of mélas (μέλας), black; maculatus (L.), spotted, referring to row of small black dots or dusting along sides

Pethia nankyweensis (Kullander 2008) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Nan Kywe Chaung (a stream), near Myitkyina, Myanmar, type locality

Pethia narayani (Hora 1937) in honor of Indian herpetologist C. R. Narayan Rao (1882–1960), who provided a “valuable” collection of fishes from Cauvery (=Kaveri) River, India

Pethia nigripinnis (Knight, Rema Devi, Indra & Arunachalam 2012 niger (L.), black; pinnis, Neo-Latin adjective of pinna (L.), fin, referring to black dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins in mature males

Pethia nigrofasciata (Günther 1868) nigro-, from niger (L.), dark or black; fasciatus (L.), banded, referring to three dark indigo-blue vertical bands on body

Pethia ornata (Vishwanath & Laisram 2004) Latin for ornate or embellished, referring to to ornamental band around caudal peduncle

Pethia padamya (Kullander & Britz 2008) Burmese for ruby, referring to the “Ruby Barb” vernacular used in the ornamental-fish trade, and to the bright red color of males

Pethia phutunio (Hamilton 1822) Latinization of Phutini, from Phutuni pungti, Bengali vernacular for this species

Pethia poiensis Shangningam & Vishwanath 2018 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Poi, a small hilly village above the type locality (Challou River, Ukhrul District, Manipur, India), with gratitude for the help extended by its residents during the authors’ fieldwork in the area

Pethia pollux Conway, Pinion & Kottelat 2021 named for Pollux, one of the Gemini, or twins, in Greek mythology, i.e., the sympatric sister species of P. castor

Pethia pookodensis (Mercy & Jacob 2007) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Pookode Lake, Wayanad district, Kerala, India, only known area of occurrence

Pethia punctata (Day 1865) Latin for spotted, referring to diffused black spot at caudal peduncle

Pethia reval (Meegaskumbura, Silva, Maduwage & Pethiyagoda 2008) combination of the Sinhala rè-, root word for red, and val, noun for fins, referring to its distinctively colored fins

Pethia rutila Lalramliana, Knight & Laltlanhlu 2014 Latin for red, referring to its reddish coloration

Pethia sahit Katwate, Kumkar, Raghavan & Dahanukar 2018 Sanskrit word for together, referring to its syntopic occurrence with P. longicauda

Pethia sanjaymoluri Katwate, Jadhav, Raghavan & Dahanukar 2016 in honor of Sanjay Molur, Executive Director, Zoo Outreach Organization (a nature and wildlife conservation NGO based in India) for his contribution to the conservation of threatened taxa in the South Asian region

Pethia setnai (Chhapgar & Sane 1992) in honor of the late Sam Bomansha Setna (1895–1969), “first Director of Fisheries of the erstwhile Bombay State, whose dynamism led to the establishment of a separate Department of Fisheries, which was prior to 1945, only a Section of the Industries Department”

Pethia shalynius (Yazdani & Talukdar 1975) Latinization of shalyni, local (Khasi and Jaintia) name for this species

Pethia sharmai (Menon & Rema Devi 1993) in honor of medical entomologist Vinod Prakash Sharma (1938–2015), Director, Malaria Research Center, New Dehli, for his “keen interest in the study of indigenous larvivorous fishes of India”

Pethia stoliczkana (Day 1871) –ana (L.), belonging to: patronym not identified but clearly in honor of Moravian paleontologist Ferdinand Stoliczka (1838–1874), who collected many of the fishes that Day described

Pethia striata Atkore, Knight, Rema Devi & Krishnaswamy 2015 Latin for striped, referring to dark outer edges of body scales, which produce a striped pattern along the sides

Pethia thelys (Kullander 2008) Greek (θῆλυς) for female, referring to the predominance of females in sampled specimens

Pethia tiantian (Kullander & Fang 2005) in honor of the authors’ (husband and wife) son, Tiantian, who, along with his brother (see P. didi), “had to repeatedly suffer their parents’ absence searching for these and other fish in faraway lands”; Tiantian (Mandarin Chinese for heaven) also connotes how this species inhabits streams at the foot of the Himalayas and therefore is “somewhat close to heaven”

Pethia ticto (Hamilton 1822) from Tikto sophore, Bengali vernacular for this species (sophore is a Sanskrit word meaning “a beautiful little fish”)

Pethia yuensis (Arunkumar & Tombi Singh 2003) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Yu River system, Manipur, India, type locality

Plesiopuntius Sudasinghe, Rüber & Meegaskumbura 2023 plḗsios (Gr. πλήσιος), near, i.e., close to Puntius, previous genus of P. bimaculatus

Plesiopuntius bimaculatus (Bleeker 1863) bi-, from bis (L.), twice; maculatus (L.), spotted, referring to black spots at dorsal fin base and end of lateral line

Prolabeo Norman 1932 pro– (L.), forward or in front of; labeo (L.), one with large lips, probably referring to transverse flap in front of mouth, which overhangs upper lip

Prolabeo batesi Norman 1932 in honor of American farmer and amateur ornithologist George Latimer Bates (1863-1940), who collected specimens for the Natural History Museum (London), including holotype of this one

Prolabeops Schultz 1941 ópsis (Gr. ὄψις), appearance, referring to similarity of P. cameroonensis (= melanhypopterus) to Prolabeo batesi

Prolabeops melanhypopterus (Pellegrin 1928) mélanos (Gr. μέλανος), genitive of mélas (μέλας), black; hypó (Gr. ὑπό), under, beneath or less than; pterus, from pterón (Gr. πτερόν) or ptéryx (πτέρυξ), wing or fin, presumably referring to large black band on lower half of dorsal fin

Prolabeops nyongensis Daget 1984 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Nyong River, Mbalmayo, Cameroon, type locality

Pseudobarbus Smith 1841 pseudo-, from pseúdēs (Gr. ψεύδης), false, proposed as a subgenus of Barbus (i.e., not representing the true form of the genus)

Pseudobarbus afer (Peters 1864) Latin for African; described in Capoeta (then a subgenus of Barbus), possibly reflecting that it was the only Capoeta known from Africa at the time

Pseudobarbus asper (Boulenger 1911) Latin for rough, referring to spine-like tubercles on snout and upper surface of head of breeding males

Pseudobarbus burchelli (Smith 1841) in honor of English explorer-naturalist William John Burchell (1781–1863), who collected over 50,000 specimens (plants, animal skins, skeletons, insects, seeds, bulbs and fishes) in South Africa between 1810 and 1815

Pseudobarbus burgi (Boulenger 1911) of the Burg River, Paarl Division, Cape Province, South Africa, type locality

Pseudobarbus phlegethon (Barnard 1938) Phlegéthōn (Gr. Φλεγέθων), a river fire in Hades (i.e., flame), probably referring to red patches on fins of breeding males

Pseudobarbus quathlambae (Barnard 1938) of Quathlamba, native name of Drakensberg Range, Natal, South Africa, where it occurs at an elevation of 1615 meters

Pseudobarbus senticeps (Smith 1936) sentis (L.), thorn or bramble; –ceps (Neo-Latin), headed, referring to distinctly pointed tubercles on snout, along inner edges of the nares and orbits, and top of head of sexually mature males

Pseudobarbus skeltoni Chakona & Swartz 2013 in honor of South African ichthyologist Paul H. Skelton (b. 1948), for his “lifelong service to taxonomic and systematic research on freshwater fishes in southern Africa, his contribution to the taxonomic revision and systematics of Pseudobarbus and specifically for his mentoring of students on this group of fishes”

Pseudobarbus swartzi Chakona & Skelton 2017 in honor of Ernst R. Swartz, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, for his contribution to the biogeography and systematics of Pseudobarbus and the role he played in mentoring students of southern African freshwater fishes

Pseudobarbus tenuis (Barnard 1938) Latin for thin or slender, presumably referring to depth of body less than length of head, even in gravid females

Pseudobarbus verloreni Chakona, Swartz & Skelton 2014 named after the Verlorenvlei River system, Western Cape Province, South Africa, to which it is now confined (in Afrikaans, verlore means lost and vlei means lake, referring to marshy lake that feeds the river)

Puntigrus Kottelat 2013 a combination of Puntius (former genus in which all species had been assigned) and tigrus, from tigris (L.), tiger, referring to blackish bands that encircle body and evoking the vernacular “Tiger Barb” used for some species in the aquarium hobby

Puntigrus anchisporus (Vaillant 1902) etymology not explained, perhaps ánchi (Gr.) ἄγχι), near; spóros (Gr. σπόρος), offspring, referring to its similarity to three small cyprinids presumed to be closely related time: Barbodes lateristriga, Desmopuntius pentazona and Puntigrus tetrazona

Puntigrus navjotsodhii (Tan 2012) in honor of an Indian-born biologist Navjot S. Sodhi (1962–2011), for his “inputs” to conservation and ecological research in Southeast Asia, and for his “considerable contributions and services” to the editorship of the Raffles Bulletin of Zoology

Puntigrus partipentazona (Fowler 1934) partis (L.), part; penta, from pénte (Gr. πέντε), five; zona (L.), belt or girdle, referring to five blackish bands, which do not encircle body as in Desmopuntius pentazona, its presumed congener at the time

Puntigrus pulcher (Rendahl 1922) Latin for beautiful, allusion not explained, probably referring to its attractive coloration: four narrow black bars on sides and all-black dorsal and pelvic fins

Puntigrus tetrazona (Bleeker 1855) tetrá (Gr. τετρά), four; zona (L.), belt or girdle, referring to four vertical bars, including one through eye and one at caudal fin base

Puntius Hamilton 1822 Latinization of Pungti, Bengali vernacular for cyprinids “of a small size, and marked by a few large deep coloured spots”

Puntius ambassis (Day 1869) referring to its similar coloration to the Asiatic glassfish genus Ambassis (Ambassidae)

Puntius amphibius (Valenciennes 1842) amphí (Gr. ἁμφί), on both sides or double; bíos (Gr. βίος), life, i.e., living a double life, referring to an early report that this species is marine but moves into freshwater rice fields during floods (note: species occurs in brackish coastal waters)

Puntius arenatus (Day 1878) Latin for sandy or sanded, presumably referring to its silvery coloration, “without any markings”

Puntius brevis (Bleeker 1849) Latin for short, allusion not explained, possibly referring to its shorter snout compared with Capoeta (=Hampala) macrolepidota

Puntius burmanicus (Day 1878) –icus (L.) belonging to: Mergui, Burma (now Myanmar), type locality

Puntius cauveriensis (Hora 1937) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Cauvery River, Coorg State, southern India, type locality

Puntius chola (Hamilton 1822) Bengali vernacular for this species

Puntius crescentus Yazdani & Singh 1994 Neo-Latin for crescent-shaped, referring to crescentic dark band on dorsal fin

Puntius deccanensis Yazdani & Babu Rao 1976 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Deccan plateau, referring to type locality in Poona district, India

Puntius dolichopterus Plamoottil 2015 long-finned, from dolichós (Gr. δολιχός), long, and pterón (Gr. πτερόν) or ptéryx (πτέρυξ), wing or fin, referring to its elongated pectoral fin, reaching pelvic-fin origin

Puntius dorsalis (Jerdon 1849) Neo-Latin for dorsal, referring to its gently rising dorsal profile

Puntius euspilurus Plamoottil 2016 eū́-, a Greek (εὖ) intensive (well or very); spílos (Gr. σπίλος), mark or spot; urus, from ourá (Gr. οὐρά), tail, referring to distinct black basal spot on caudal fin

Puntius fraseri (Hora & Misra 1938) in honor of Albert Glen Leslie Fraser (1887–?), medical officer and amateur herpetologist, who collected holotype and supplied Bhil names of Deolali (India) fishes

Puntius kamalika Silva, Maduwage & Pethiyagoda 2008 in honor of Kamalika “Kami” Abeyaratne (1934–2004), Sri Lankan pediatrician who became an AIDS activist after she contracted HIV through a contaminated blood transfusion administered following a near-fatal traffic accident [a noun in apposition, without the matronymic “ae”]

Puntius kelumi Pethiyagoda, Silva & Maduwage 2008 in honor or Sri Lankan biologist Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi

Puntius khohi Dabriyal, Singh, Suniyal, Joshi, Phuraulatpam & Bish 2004 of a Khoh River tributary (Stream Dogadda), Garwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal, India, type locality

Puntius kyphus Plamoottil 2019 kyphós (Gr. κυφός), hunchbacked, referring to the “unusually” convex curvature of its post-occipital region

Puntius layardi (Günther 1868) in honor of Edgar Leopold Layard (1824–1900), Ceylon Civil Service, who studied the fauna of Sri Lanka and presented holotype to the British Museum

Puntius madhusoodani Krishna Kumar, Benno Pereira & Radhakrishnan 2012 in honor of B. Madhusoodana Kurup, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, for his contribution to the taxonomy and conservation of the freshwater fishes of Kerala, India

Puntius mahecola (Valenciennes 1844) –cola (L.), dweller or inhabitant: Mahé, a French settlement (1721–1956) near Kerala, India, and tidal river of same name (name may indicate it was part of a shipment received from Mahé rather than having been collected in Mahé)

Puntius masyai Smith 1945 in honor of Thai ichthyologist and illustrator Luang Masya Chitrakarn (1896–1965), Siamese Bureau of Fisheries, “whose activities have added much to the knowledge of the fresh-water fishes of Thailand”

Puntius melanostigma (Day 1878) mélanos (Gr. μέλανος), genitive of mélas (μέλας), black; stígma (Gr. στίγμα), mark or spot, referring to distinct black spot on caudal-fin base

Puntius mudumalaiensis Menon & Rema Devi 1992 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Mudumalai, Tamil Nadu, India, type locality

Puntius muzaffarpurensis Srivastava, Verma & Sharma 1977 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Muzaffarpur, Tirhut Division of Bihar, India, near type locality (River Baghmati at Saidpur)

Puntius nangalensis Jayaram 1990 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Nangal Lake, eastern Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, India, only known area of occurrence

Puntius nelsoni Plamoottil 2015 in honor of Indian ichthyologist Nelson P. Abraham, Associate Professor, St. Thomas College (Kozhencherry, Kerala), a “constant source of encouragement throughout the [author’s] study”

Puntius nigronotus Plamoottil 2015 nigro-, from niger (L.), dark or black; notus, from nṓtos (Gr. νῶτος), back, referring to its blackish dorsal surface

Puntius ocellus Plamoottil & Vineeth 2020 diminutive of oculus (L.), eye (but here meaning eyespot), referring to “peculiar” eye-like black spot, encircled by a golden or yellowish ring, on caudal peduncle

Puntius parrah Day 1865 derived from parrah perlee, Malayalam vernacular for this species

Puntius paucimaculatus Wang & Ni 1982 paucus (L.), few or scanty; maculatus (L.), spotted, referring to four rounded blotches on side compared with 4–7 on P. semifasciolatus

Puntius pugio Kullander 2008 Latin for dagger, referring to long, sharp, spine-like last unbranched dorsal fin ray

Puntius punjabensis (Day 1871) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Punjab, Pakistan, type locality

Puntius puntio (Hamilton 1822) Latinization of pungthi,from Phutuni pungthi, Bengali vernacular for this species

Puntius sanctus Plamoottil 2020 Latin for sacred, referring to Velamkanni, Tamil Nadu, India, type locality, a pilgrimage and holy place for some religious people

Puntius snyderi Oshima 1919 in honor of American ichthyologist John Otterbein Snyder (1867–1943), whose “kind and valuable assistance” aided Oshima in the preparation of his paper

Puntius sophore (Hamilton 1822) derived from a Sanskrit word meaning “a beautiful little fish”

Puntius sophoroides (Günther 1868) –oides, Latinized suffix adopted from eī́dos (Gr. εἶδος), form or shape: described as “very closely allied” to P. sophore

Puntius stigma (Valenciennes 1844) stígma (Gr. στίγμα), mark or spot, referring to small black spot on fourth and fifth soft rays of dorsal fin

Puntius terio (Hamilton 1822) Latinization of Teri, from Teri pungti, Bengali vernacular for this species

Puntius thermalis (Valenciennes 1844) Neo-Latin for of or relating to hot springs or water, referring to hot waters of Cania, Sri Lanka, type locality

Puntius viridis Plamootil & Abraham 2014 Latin for green, referring to its greenish body and fins

Puntius waageni (Day 1872) in honor of German geologist and paleontologist Wilhelm Heinrich Waagen (1841–1900), who collected holotype

Rohanella Sudasinghe, Rüber & Meegaskumbura 2023 –ella (L.), diminutive connoting endearment: named for Sri Lankan biologist Rohan Pethiyagoda (b. 1955), who (in 2012) recognized that R. titteya and Plesiopuntius bimaculatus, both placed in Puntius at the time, warranted separate genera; name also honors his contributions to biodiversity research and guidance of young biodiversity researchers in Sri Lanka

Rohanella titteya (Deraniyagala 1929) Sinhala vernacular for this species

Rohtee Sykes 1839 local name for R. ogilbii among the Maratha people of India

Rohtee ogilbii Sykes 1839 in honor of Sykes’ friend, William Ogilby (1808–1873), Irish banister and naturalist, “distinguished member” of the Zoological Society of London (also father of James Douglas Ogilby, who described many Australian fishes)

Sedercypris Skelton, Swartz & Vreven 2018 Seder, referring to Sederberg (Afrikaans spelling of Cedarberg), Western Cape, South Africa, where both species are endemic; cypris, a common suffix for small cyprinoid genera, derived from Cyprinus (Common Carp)

Sedercypris calidus (Barnard 1938) Latin for fiery or hot, referring to brightness of red patches on fins and the summertime heat of Olifants River valley (South Africa), type locality (as explained by Barnard in 1943)

Sedercypris erubescens (Skelton 1974) Latin for reddening, referring to fins of males and females turning red in breeding season

Striuntius Kottelat 2013 combination of parts of the word striatus (L.), grooved or furrowed (i.e., striped), referring to the color pattern of both species, and Puntius, genus in which both had previously been placed

Striuntius lateristriga (Valenciennes 1842) lateralis (L.), of the side; striga (L.), furrow or groove (i.e., stripe or streak), presumably referring to two short vertical bars on sides

Striuntius lineatus (Duncker 1904) Latin for lined, referring to 5–6 lateral stripes on body

Systomus McClelland 1838 sýstomos (Gr. σύστομος), with a narrow mouth, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to small mouth of S. immaculata, which, “when opened the intermaxilliaries are drawn forward so as to form a somewhat cylindrical tube”

Systomus asoka (Kottelat & Pethiyagoda 1989) in honor of Sri Lankan aquarist Asoka Mivanpalana, who discovered this fish in the 1950s [a noun in apposition, without the patronymic “i”]

Systomus binduchitra (Hora 1937) “combined” Sanskrit word for spotted, referring to small black spots on scales on posterior half of body on specimens over 56 mm TL

Systomus chryseus Plamoottil 2015 chryseús (Gr. χρυσεύς), golden-yellow, referring to its color [treated as a synonym of S. sarana by some workers]

Systomus clavatus (McClelland 1845) Latin for “furnished with nails,” allusion not explained, perhaps referring to its large third dorsal-fin spine (McClelland’s proposed common name is “large spined Barbel”

Systomus compressiformis (Cockerell 1913) compressus (L.), squeezed or pressed together; formis, Neo-Latin scientific adjective of forma (L.), shape or form, referring to its strongly compressed body [replacement name for Barbus compressus Boulenger 1893, preoccupied by Barbus (now Neolissochilus) compressus Day 1870]

Systomus gracilus Plamoottil & Maji 2020 alternate spelling of gracilis (L.), thin or slender, referring to its thin, strongly compressed body

Systomus immaculatus McClelland 1839 im-, from in (L.), not; maculatus (L.), spotted, presumably referring to its unspotted body coloration, described as green above and greenish white below

Systomus laticeps Plamoottil 2016 latus (L.), wide; –ceps (Neo-Latin), headed, referring to wider head compared with congeners [treated as a synonym of S. sarana by some workers]

Systomus martenstyni (Kottelat & Pethiyagoda 1991) in honor of naturalist and diver Cedric Martenstyn (1946–1996), who contributed to the book on Sri Lankan freshwater fishes in which this description appeared by “collecting many of the more hard-to-get species …, almost all of them from remote locations that required a great expenditure of time and effort to reach” [biographical footnote: Martenstyn, a lieutenant commander in the Sri Lanka Navy, disappeared when the helicopter he was flying in crashed, perhaps shot down by rebels, over the Indian Ocean]

Systomus orphoides (Valenciennes 1842) –oides, Latinized suffix adopted from eī́dos (Gr. εἶδος), form or shape: referring to similarity to Cyprinus orphus (=Leuciscus idus) [a simultaneous synonym of Barbus rubripinnus Valenciennes 1842, which some authors treat as the valid name for this species: ruber (L.), red, and pinnis, Neo-Latin adjective of pinna (L.), fin, referring to its “light pink” (translation) fins]

Systomus pleurotaenia (Bleeker 1863) pleuro-, from pleurá (Gr. πλευρά), side; taenia, from tainía (Gr. ταινία), band or ribbon, referring to dark longitudinal band from eye to base of caudal fin

Systomus rufus Plamoottil 2015 Latin for red or reddish, referring to the color of its fins [treated as a synonym of S. sarana by some workers]

Systomus sarana (Hamilton 1822) from Sarana pungti, Bengali vernacular for this species

Systomus sewelli (Prashad & Mukerji 1929) patronym not identified but almost certainly in honor of Lieut.-Col. Robert Beresford Seymour Sewell (1880–1964), British physician, zoologist and Director, Zoological Survey of India

Waikhomia Katwate, Kumkar, Raghavan & Dahanukar 2020 -ia (L. suffix), belonging to: ichthyologist Vishwanath Waikhom (b. 1954), Manipur University, for contributions to the taxonomy and systematics of Indian freshwater fishes

Waikhomia hira Katwate, Kumkar, Raghavan & Dahanukar 2020 presumably an alternate spelling of heera, Bengali for diamond, referring to small symmetrical, rhomboidal spots on sides of body

Waikhomia sahyadriensis (Silas 1953) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Sahayadri, local name for Western Ghats, mountain range along western side of India, where this species is endemic

Xenobarbus Norman 1923 xénos (Gr. ξένος), strange or foreign (i.e., different), closely allied to Barbus (Barbinae, then a catch-all genus for many African, Asian and European cyprinids) but differs in having a pair of barbels on the lower jaw and a pair of barbels at the angles of the mouth

Xenobarbus loveridgei Norman 1923 in honor of British herpetologist-ornithologist Arthur Loveridge (1891–1980), Curator of the Nairobi Museum, who collected holotype)