Updated 19 March 2024
PDF version (with illustrations and additional information)
Acestridium Haseman 1911 –idium, Latin diminutive connoting resemblance: akéstra (Gr. ἀκέστρα), darning needle, presumably referring to long spines on tip of snout of A. discus
Acestridium colombiense Retzer 2005 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Colombia, where it is endemic
Acestridium dichromum Retzer, Nico & Provenzano 1999 di-, from dis (L.), in two; chromum, from chrṓma (Gr. χρῶμα), skin or color, referring to its ability to change body color between brown and green
Acestridium discus Haseman 1911 Latin for disc or circular plate, referring to the expanded, disc-like tip of its snout
Acestridium gymnogaster Reis & Lehmann A. 2009 gymnós (Gr. γυμνός), bare or naked; gastḗr (Gr. γαστήρ), belly or stomach, referring to naked area of skin between anterior lateral abdominal plates
Acestridium martini Retzer, Nico & Provenzano 1999 in honor of Venezuelan ichthyologist Felipe José Martín Salazar (b. 1930), for contributions to Neotropical ichthyology
Acestridium scutatum Reis & Lehmann A. 2009 Latin for armed with a long shield, referring to three series of abdominal plates (compared with two series in most congeners)
Acestridium triplax Rodríguez & Reis 2007 tri– (L.), three; pláx (Gr. πλάξ), anything flat and broad (e.g., flat land, the ocean surface, but here used to mean plate), referring to three series of abdominal plates (compared with two in known congeners at the time)
Chauliocheilos Martins, Andrade, Rosa & Langeani 2014 chaúlios (Gr. χαύλιος), gaping or bloated (authors say conspicuous, outstanding or prominent); cheī́los (Gr. χεῖλος), lip, referring to unique labial appendix of lower lip
Chauliocheilos saxatilis Martins, Andrade, Rosa & Langeani 2014 Latin for a fish that frequents rocks, referring to microhabitat (composed primarily of gravel and pebbles) where it was mainly sampled
Corumbataia Britski 1997 –ia (L. suffix), belonging to: rio Corumbataí, São Paulo, Brazil, type locality of type species, C. cuestae
Corumbataia acanthodela Thimotheo, Benine, Oliveira & Silva 2020 acantho, from ákantha (Gr. ἄκανθα), spine; dela, from dēlós (Gr. δηλός), conspicuous, referring to hypertrophied odontodes in head of mature males
Corumbataia anosteos (Carvalho, Lehmann A. & Reis 2008 anósteos (Gr. ἀνόστεος), boneless, referring to the absence of a lateral connecting bone
Corumbataia britskii Ferreira & Ribeiro 2007 in honor of Brazilian ichthyologist Heraldo A. Britski, Universidade de São Paulo, for his many contributions to our understanding of hypoptopomatine catfishes
Corumbataia canoeiro (Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Zawadzki 2017) Portuguese word for a person or people who handle and/or build canoes, referring to the Avá-Canoeiro, a once numerous and powerful indigenous people inhabiting the upper rio Tocantins valley (where this catfish occurs), now restricted to a few small villages due to a series of gradual and abrupt murders, diseases, and the lack of legal hunting territories; recently, the Avá-Canoeiro were known as the “invisible people” due to the fact that some of them had lived for more than a decade in caves to avoid contact with civilization, leaving the caves only at night to collect and chase food
Corumbataia cuestae Britski 1997 of a cuesta, geological term for a hill or ridge with a gentle slope on one side (<5˚) and a steep slope on the other; all specimens were collected in streams that originate in the cuesta that traverses much of São Paulo, Brazil
Corumbataia liliai Silva, Roxo, Souza & Oliveira 2018 in honor of Lilian Maria Costa e Silva, the first author’s sister
Corumbataia lucianoi Silva, Roxo, Souza & Oliveira 2018 in honor of Luciano de Souza da Costa e Silva, the first author’s brother
Corumbataia tocantinensis Britski 1997 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Tocantins, principal river of the Araguaia-Tocantins system, Brazil, type locality
Corumbataia veadeiros Carvalho 2008 named for the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Goiás, Brazil), a formation characterized by flat-topped plateaus, situated to the south of the tributaries where this catfish was discovered
Curculionichthys Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Oliveira 2015 curculionem, elongated snout, referring to their relatively elongated snouts; ichthýs (Gr. ἰχθύς), fish
Curculionichthys coxipone Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Oliveira 2015 named for the Coxiponé indigenous people who inhabit the margins of rio Cuiabá, near the municipality of Cuiabá in Mato Grosso, Brazil, where this catfish occurs
Curculionichthys insperatus (Britski & Garavello 2003) Latin for unexpected, referring to “unpredictable discovery of a new species of Hisonotus [original genus] in a region where four other nominal species of the genus had already been described”
Curculionichthys itaim Roxo, Dias, Silva & Oliveira 2017 from the Tupí- Guaraní itá, stones, and im, a diminutive, i.e., a “gathering of small stones,” origin of the city name Itaituba (Pará, Brazil), where this catfish occurs
Curculionichthys karipuna Silva, Roxo, Melo & Oliveira 2016 named for the Karipuna indigenous people who inhabit the region of the rio Oiapoque, northern Amapá, Brazil, where this catfish occurs
Curculionichthys leucofrenatus (Miranda Ribeiro 1908) leucos, from leukós (Gr. λευκός), white; frenatus (L.), bridled, referring to white stripe running from snout, through nostrils and supraorbital, forking at end of temporal shield into two parallel stripes
Curculionichthys monolechis de Morais, Gamarra & Reis 2024 mono-, from mónos (Gr. μόνος), one or single; lechis, from lékos (λέκος) dish, pot or pan (authors say plate), referring to its single (vs. paired) rostral plate
Curculionichthys oliveirai (Roxo, Zawadzki & Troy 2014) in honor of Claudio Oliveira, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (São Paulo, Brazil), for his dedication and contributions to the study of neotropical freshwater fishes
Curculionichthys paresi (Roxo, Zawadzki & Troy 2014) named for the Paresí Indians, who formerly lived throughout most of Mato Grosso, Brazil, including Santo Afonso municipality, where this catfish occurs; the Paresí were also some of the main guides of Cândido Rondon (1865–1958), Brazilian army engineer and explorer, who visited this region at the beginning of the 20th century (authors incorrectly say 18th century)
Curculionichthys piracanjuba (Martins & Langeani 2012) named for the rio Piracanjuba drainage, upper rio Paraná system, Brazil, type locality
Curculionichthys sabaji Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Oliveira 2015 in honor of Mark Sabaj Pérez (b. 1969), Collection Manager, Ichthyology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, for his dedication and contributions to study of Neotropical fishes, especially those from the rio Xingu basin (where this species occurs)
Curculionichthys sagarana Roxo, Silva, Ochoa & Oliveira 2015 a hybrid of two words, saga, of Germanic origin, meaning a heroic song, and the Tupí-Guaraní rana, meaning similarity, referring to a 1946 book by Brazilian author João Guimarães Rosa about the history of people from Minas Gerais, Brazil, living in the region of Rio das Velhas, where this catfish occurs
Curculionichthys scaius Calegari, Gamarra & Reis 2018 from skaiós (Gr. σκαιός), on the left (i.e., west or westward), referring to its westerly distribution in the Brazilian Shield
Curculionichthys tukana Roxo, Dias, Silva & Oliveira 2017 Tupí-Guaraní name for the rio Tocantins (rio Amazonas basin, Brazil), where it occurs; “Tocantins” means “toucan beak,” a junction of the words tukana (toucan) and tim (beak)
Epactionotus Reis & Schaefer 1998 epáktios (Gr. ἐπάκτιος), upper shore or coast dweller; nótos (Gr. nότος), south (from Nótos, Greek god of the south wind), referring to endemic distribution of this genus in the coastal rivers of southern Brazil
Epactionotus advenus Delapieve, Carvalho & Reis 2020 Latin for stranger, outsider or foreigner, referring to its distribution, noncontiguous with its southern congeners
Epactionotus bilineatus Reis & Schaefer 1998 bi-, from bis (L.), twice; lineatus (L.), lined or striped, referring to conspicuous pattern of light stripes on dorsum of head and body
Epactionotus gracilis Reis & Schaefer 1998 Latin for thin or slender, referring to its “generally slender and narrow body form”
Epactionotus itaimbezinho Reis & Schaefer 1998 named for the “magnificent” canyon Itaimbezinho, located near type locality and whose river is part of the headwaters of the rio Mampituba (Santa Catarina State, Brazil), where this catfish is endemic
Eurycheilichthys Reis & Schaefer 1993 eurýs (Gr. εὐρύς), wide or broad; cheī́los (Gr. χεῖλος), lip; ichthýs (Gr. ἰχθύς), fish, referring to its very wide lower lip, characteristic of the genus [replacement name for Eurycheilus Reis & Schaefer 1992, preoccupied by a fossil cephalopod
Eurycheilichthys apocremnus Reis 2017 apó- (Gr. prefix, ἄπο-), from; krēmnós (Gr. κρημνός), cliff or precipice, referring to steep landscape of type locality (a small creek with fast-flowing clear water)
Eurycheilichthys castaneus Reis 2017 Latin for chestnut-brown, referring to its primarily plain dark-brown color
Eurycheilichthys coryphaenus Reis 2017 latinized adjective derived from koryphḗ (Gr. κορυφή), top of head, crown, top or highest point, referring to its distinctly elevated parieto-supraoccipital bone
Eurycheilichthys limulus Reis & Schaefer 1998 diminutive of lima (L.), file or scraper, referring to patches of accessory teeth on both dentary and premaxilla
Eurycheilichthys luisae Reis 2017 in honor of Reis’ daughter Luisa, “who loves nature and occasionally assisted on weekend field trips for collecting specimens”
Eurycheilichthys pantherinus (Reis & Schaefer 1992) Latin for panther-like, referring to its distinctive color pattern, which resembles that of the largest South American field cat, Panthera onca
Eurycheilichthys paucidens Reis 2017 paucus (L.), few; dens (L.), tooth, referring to small number of accessory teeth in premaxilla and dentary compared to congeners
Eurycheilichthys planus Reis 2017 Latin for flat, level or smooth, referring to its distinctly flat head and predorsal area
Eurycheilichthys vacariensis Reis 2017 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: the town of Vacaria, a historical place in the highlands of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) that exemplifies the traditional Gaucho culture of the region in which this species occurs
Euryochus Pereira & Reis 2017 eurýs (Gr. εὐρύς), broad or karge; ókkos (Gr. ὄκκος), eye, referring to noticeably larger eye compared with other members of subfamily
Euryochus thysanos Pereira & Reis 2017 thýsanos (Gr. θύσανος), tassel or fringe, referring to finely fringed margin of lower lip
Hirtella Pereira, Zanata, Cetra & Reis 2014 –ella (L.), diminutive suffix; hirtus (L.), hairy or prickly, referring to bristle-like hypertrophied odontodes which distinguish mature males from conspecific females and from all other loricariids
Hirtella carinata Pereira, Zanata, Cetra & Reis 2014 Latin for keeled or ridged, referring to elongate keel of azygous plates at mid-dorsal line, between dorsal and caudal fins
Hisonotus Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 etymology not explained, perhaps from ísos (Gr. ἴσος), equal, but can also mean even, flat or monotone; nṓtos (Gr. νῶτος), back, presumably referring to absence of adipose fin
Hisonotus aky (Azpelicueta, Casciotta, Almirón & Koerber 2004) Guaraní word for green, referring to its brilliant green color in life
Hisonotus alberti Roxo, Silva, Waltz & Melo 2016 in honor of James S. Albert (b. 1964), University of Louisiana at Lafayette, for his dedication and contributions to the studies of Neotropical freshwater fishes
Hisonotus armatus Carvalho, Lehmann A., Pereira & Reis 2008 Latin for armed with a weapon, referring to complete covering of odontodes on anterior tip of snout
Hisonotus bocaiuva Roxo, Silva, Oliveira & Zawadzki 2013 named for Bocaiúva, Minas Gerais, Brazil, city where types were collected
Hisonotus brunneus Carvalho & Reis 2011 Medieval Latin for brown (authors say tawny), referring to its overall brownish pigmentation
Hisonotus carreiro Carvalho & Reis 2011 named for the rio Carreiro drainage, Serafina Corrêa, Brazil, where it is endemic
Hisonotus charrua Almirón, Azpelicueta, Casciotta & Litz 2006 name of aborigines who lived along the Uruguayan coast of the Rio de la Plata, where this catfish occurs
Hisonotus depressicauda (Miranda Ribeiro 1918) depressus (L.), pressed down; cauda (L.), tail, referring to its depressed caudal peduncle
Hisonotus devidei Roxo, Silva & Melo 2018 in honor of “dear friend” Renato Devidé, for his “immeasurable contribution during more than 30 years as an academic technician in the LBP [Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil] fish collection, assisting and coordinating expeditions that resulted in numerous scientific publications, theses and dissertations in the fields of ecology, cytogenetics, population genetics, taxonomy, systematics and evolution of Neotropical fishes”; he also collected holotype
Hisonotus francirochai (Ihering 1928) in honor of Brazilian psychiatrist Francisco Franco da Rocha (1864–1933), founder, Hospital Psiquiátrico do Juqueri (Região Metropolitana de São Paulo), on the occasion of his jubilee
Hisonotus heterogaster Carvalho & Reis 2011 héteros (Gr. ἕτερος), different; gastḗr (Gr. γαστήρ), belly or stomach, referring to distinctly different arrangement of abdominal plates (compared to congeners from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil) formed by absent median plate series
Hisonotus hungy Azpelicueta, Almirón, Casciotta & Koerber 2007 Guaraní word for brown, referring to brownish ground color of dorsolateral body surface and pale-brown ventral surface of head and body
Hisonotus iota Carvalho & Reis 2009 iota (ι), smallest letter of Greek alphabet, i.e., anything very small, referring to its small size compared to congeners
Hisonotus laevior Cope 1894 Latin for smoother, perhaps referring to scutes “posteriorly moderately hispid, smoother anteriorly”
Hisonotus leucophrys Carvalho & Reis 2009 leuco-, from leukós (Gr. λευκός), white; ophrýs (Gr. ὀφρύς), eyebrow, referring to white longitudinal stripe above eye orbit
Hisonotus luteofrenatus Britski & Garavello 2007 luteus (L.), yellow; frenatus (L.), bridled, referring to yellow pair of lines running dorsally on head from tip of snout to dorsal rim of orbit
Hisonotus maculipinnis (Regan 1912) macula (L.), spot; pinnis, Neo-Latin adjective of pinna (L.), fin, i.e., finned, referring to series of dark spots on fins
Hisonotus megaloplax Carvalho & Reis 2009 mégas (Gr. μέγας), big; plax, from pláx (Gr. πλάξ), anything flat and broad (e.g., flat land, the ocean surface), referring to greatly enlarged lateral abdominal plates
Hisonotus montanus Carvalho & Reis 2009 Latin for of mountains, referring to high elevations (~850 m above sea level) where it is found
Hisonotus nigricauda (Boulenger 1891) nigri, from niger (L.), black; cauda (L.), tail, referring to its “deep black” caudal fin (with outer rays spotted with white)
Hisonotus notatus Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 marked (L.), presumably referring to large median blackish spot on caudal fin that extends to middle caudal rays
Hisonotus notopagos Carvalho & Reis 2011 nótos (Gr. nότος), south (from Nótos, Greek god of the south wind); págos (Gr. πάγος), rocky hill, referring to hilly terrains on southernmost portions of Brazilian shield, where it is endemic
Hisonotus pachysarkos Zawadzki, Roxo & da Graça 2016 pachýsarkos (Gr. παχύσαρκος), obese or paunchy, referring to swollen ventral surface of head and abdomen in large males
Hisonotus paulinus (Regan 1908) –inus (L.), belonging to: São Paulo, Brazil, where type locality (Rio Piracicaba) is situated
Hisonotus prata Carvalho & Reis 2011 named for rio de Prata basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil, where it is endemic
Hisonotus ringueleti Aquino, Schaefer & Miquelarena 2001 in honor of Argentinian zoologist Raúl A. Ringuelet (1914–1982), Museum of Natural Sciences of La Plata, Buenos Aires, whose 1967 book Los Peces de Agua Dulce de la República Argentina “set the standard for systematics research conducted during the last decades of the 20th century in the Austral region of the Neotropics”
Hisonotus taimensis (Buckup 1981) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: from the region of Taim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, type locality
Hisonotus thayeri Martins & Langeani 2016 in honor of the Thayer Expedition (1865–1866), “considered one of the most important journeys performed in Brazil,” during which this species was first collected
Hisonotus vespuccii Roxo, Silva & Oliveira 2015 in honor of Américo Vespúcio (Amerigo Vespucci in Italian, 1454–1512), navigator and explorer, to whom the 1501 discovery of the rio São Francisco in Brazil (where this catfish occurs) is attributed
Hisonotus vireo Carvalho & Reis 2011 Latin for greenish, referring to its coloration in life
Hisonotus yasi (Almirón, Azpelicueta & Casciotta 2004) Guaraní word for moon; no significance, the authors simply liked the name (Adriana Almirón, pers. comm.)
Hypoptopoma Günther 1868 hypó (Gr. ὑπό), under or beneath; optós (Gr. ὀπτός), visible; pṓma (Gr. πῶμα), lid or cover, i.e., opercle, probably referring to ventrolateral displacement of eyes and opercle
Hypoptopoma baileyi Aquino & Schaefer 2010 in honor of American ichthyologist Reeve M. Bailey (1911–2011), University of Michigan, who helped collect types in 1964 (authors incorrectly gave 2000 as Bailey’s date of death)
Hypoptopoma bianale Aquino & Schaefer 2010 bi-, from bis (L.), twice; anale (L.), anal, referring to presence of two anal plates
Hypoptopoma brevirostratum Aquino & Schaefer 2010 brevis (L.), short; rostratum (L.), beaked, referring to short snout “in dorsal view”
Hypoptopoma elongatum Aquino & Schaefer 2010 Latin for prolonged, referring to general elongate shape of body, particularly at tip of snout, caudal peduncle and caudal fin
Hypoptopoma guianense Boeseman 1974 –ense, Latin suffix denoting place: of the Guianas, region that includes Guyana and Suriname, where it occurs
Hypoptopoma gulare Cope 1878 Latin for of the throat, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to plates or scutes on throat
Hypoptopoma incognitum Aquino & Schaefer 2010 Latin for unknown, referring to its previous misidentification as other species of the genus
Hypoptopoma inexspectatum (Holmberg 1893) Latin for unexpected, allusion not explained; described from one specimen, perhaps Holmberg (who did not seem to be aware of the genus Hypoptopoma) was struck by the unexpected occurrence and/or appearance of a loricariid catfish with ventrolaterally displaced eyes
Hypoptopoma machadoi Aquino & Schaefer 2010 in honor of Antonio Machado-Allison (b. 1945), Universidad Central de Venezuela, for his lifelong dedication and contributions to Neotropical ichthyology
Hypoptopoma muzuspi Aquino & Schaefer 2010 of the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP), “one of the leading institutional collections for ichthyology in South America”
Hypoptopoma psilogaster Fowler 1915 psilós (Gr. ψιλός), bare, uncovered or smooth; gastḗr (Gr. γαστήρ), belly or stomach, referring to two rows of abdominal plates separated by an unplated surface (compared with complete cover of the abdominal region with three rows of plates in H. thoracatum)
Hypoptopoma steindachneri Boulenger 1895 in honor of Austrian ichthyologist Franz Steindachner (1834–1919), who reported and illustrated this species as H. thoracatum in 1879
Hypoptopoma thoracatum Günther 1868 Latin for armed with a breastplate, referring to bony bridge between pectoral fins
Isbrueckerichthys Derijst 1996 in honor of Dutch ichthyologist and loricariid catfish expert Isaäc J.H. Isbrücker (b. 1944), Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam; ichthýs (Gr. ἰχθύς), fish
Isbrueckerichthys alipionis (Gosline 1947) –is, genitive singular of: Brazilian ichthyologist-herpetologist Alipio de Miranda Ribeiro (1874– 1939), “who seems to have been the first and, with the possible exception of Steindachner, the only man to realize the interrelationship of the [loricariid] genera” treated in Gosline’s monograph
Isbrueckerichthys calvus Jerep, Shibatta, Pereira & Oyakawa 2006 Latin for bald, referring to area of head that lacks odontodes
Isbrueckerichthys duseni (Miranda Ribeiro 1907) in honor of Karl Hjalmar Dusén (1855–1926), Swedish botanist and explorer, who collected holotype
Isbrueckerichthys epakmos Pereira & Oyakawa 2003 épakmos (Gr. ἔπακμος), bloom of age, referring to highly developed odontodes on snout tip in mature males
Isbrueckerichthys saxicola Jerep, Shibatta, Pereira & Oyakawa 2006 saxum (L.), rock; cola (L.), inhabitant, referring to its habitat (under rocks on the bottom of rivers)
Kronichthys Miranda Ribeiro 1908 in honor of German-born Brazilian pharmacist-naturalist Sigismund Ernst Richard (Ricardo) Krone (1861–1917), who collected type species, K. subteres; ichthýs (Gr. ἰχθύς), fish
Kronichthys heylandi (Boulenger 1900) in honor of British civil engineer Herbert K. Heyland (1849–1944), who collected holotype and presented it to the British Museum
Kronichthys lacerta (Nichols 1919) Latin for lizard, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to lizard-like appearance
Kronichthys subteres Miranda Ribeiro 1908 sub (L.), less than or somewhat; teres (L.), terete (cylindrical or slightly tapering), presumably referring to its body shape
Lampiella Isbrücker 2001 –iella (L.), diminutive connoting endearment: in honor of Isbrücker’s grandmother, Céline Lampie (1886–1943), murdered at the German extermination camp in Sobibor, Poland, “a small woman with a small humpback” (translation), alluding to the humpbacked shape of L. gibbosa
Lampiella gibbosa (Miranda Ribeiro 1908) Latin for humpbacked, referring to its projecting nape
Leptotocinclus Delapieve, Lehmann & Reis 2018 leptós (Gr. λεπτός), thin, fine or delicate, referring to “delicate aspect” of both species; Otocinclus, a related genus
Leptotocinclus ctenistus Delapieve, Lehmann & Reis 2018 from ktenistós (Gr. κτενιστός), combed, referring to the contact organ formed by a comb of odontodes on pelvic fin of mature males
Leptotocinclus madeirae Delapieve, Lehmann & Reis 2018 of the rio Madeira towards Lábrea, Amazonas, Brazil, type locality
Microlepidogaster Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 micro-, from mikrós (Gr. μικρός), small; lepídos (Gr. λεπίδος), genitive of lepίs (λεπίς), scale; gastḗr (Gr. γαστήρ), belly or stomach, referring to minute granular plates on ventral surface
Microlepidogaster dimorpha Martins & Langeani 2011 di– (Gr. prefix), from dýo (δύο), two; morpha, from morphḗ (Gr. μορφή), form or shape, referring to its “accentuated” sexual dimorphism (males have wider nostrils, previously unreported in the subfamily)
Microlepidogaster discontenta Calegari, Silva & Reis 2014 dis– (L. prefix), lack of or not; contentus (L.), satisfied, i.e., regretful, referring to type locality, the córrego (stream) Arrependido (Portuguese or sorry or regretful) in Goiás, Brazil, a name it received after it supposedly changed direction from south to north due to headwater capture
Microlepidogaster discus Martins, Rosa & Langeani 2014 Latin for disc or circular plate, referring to first or second anterior plates of mid-ventral lateral series, which are markedly round
Microlepidogaster longicolla Calegari & Reis 2010 longus (L.), long; colla, scientific Neo-Latin adjective of collum (L.), neck, i.e., long-necked, referring to long predorsal region due to posterior shift of dorsal fin
Microlepidogaster negomata Martins, Cherobim, Andrade & Langeani 2017 named for Nego Matá, a farm (fazenda) in Ribeirão Bebedouro, Minas Gerais, Brazil, type locality (Nego Matá was the nickname of the former owner of the farm)
Microlepidogaster perforata Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 Latin for perforated, referring to perforated temporal plate
Microlepidogaster roseae Martins 2022 in honor of Roselene Silva Costa Ferreira, Universidade Estadual Paulista (campus São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil), for her dedication to the maintenance of the university’s fish collection, and “especially for her support and mom-care to all the students who have ever been in the Ichthyology section”
Microplecostomus Silva, Roxo, Ochoa & Oliveira 2016 micro-, from mikrós (Gr. μικρός), small, referring to small size of M. forestii; Plecostomus, former generic name (now Hypostomus, Hypostominae) of species currently included in the family, “also in reference to the small adult size of the type-species” [incertae sedis; placement in this subfamily is provisional]
Microplecostomus forestii Silva, Roxo, Ochoa & Oliveira 2016 in honor of Fausto Foresti, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”-UNESP, Brazil), for his contributions to fish genetics, with more than 250 papers published in this field
Nannoplecostomus Ribeiro, Lima & Pereira 2012 nánnos (Gr. νάννος), dwarf, reaching 22.2 mm SL, the smallest known loricariid; Plecostomus, former generic name (now Hypostomus, Hypostominae) of species currently included in the family [incertae sedis; placement in this subfamily is provisional]
Nannoplecostomus eleonorae Ribeira, Lima & Pereira 2012 in honor of Brazilian biospeleologist Eleonora Trajano, for her “key” contributions to the knowledge of the diversity of Brazilian troglobitic fishes, including fishes of the karst area of São Domingos (where this catfish occurs)
Nannoptopoma Schaefer 1996 nánnos (Gr. νάννος), dwarf, referring to small size and juvenile appearance of both species; optopoma, from Hypoptopoma, referring to a close phenetic similarity between the two genera
Nannoptopoma spectabile (Eigenmann 1914) Latin for notable or showy, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to its coloration, with “a dusky stripe forward from eye, joining a dusky stripe extending from snout to the nares; . . . back faintly spotted, the spots forming obscure continuations of the prenasal stripe”
Nannoptopoma sternoptychum Schaefer 1996 stérnon (Gr. στέρνον), breast or chest (especially of men); ptychós (Gr. πτυχός), genitive of ptýx (πτύξ), layer or plate, referring to presence of thoracic plates
Nannoxyropsis Delapieve, Lehmann & Reis 2018 nánnos (Gr. νάννος), dwarf, referring to small size of both species; Oxyropsis, a related genus (original genus of N. ephippia)
Nannoxyropsis acicula Delapieve, Lehmann & Reis 2018 Latin for a small pin for a head-dress, referring to narrowness of snout compared with N. ephippia
Nannoxyropsis ephippia (Aquino & Sabaj Pérez 2016) plural of ephippium (L.), saddle, referring to its saddle-like mid-dorsal blotches
Neoplecostomus Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1888 néos (Gr. νέος), new, proposed as a subgenus (and, hence, a “new” form of) Plecostomus (now Hypostomus, Hypostominae)
Neoplecostomus bandeirante Roxo, Oliveira & Zawadzki 2012 named for bandeirantes (flag-carriers), slavers, explorers, adventurers, and fortune hunters in early Colonial Brazil; “Despite playing an apparent negative role in history, their work was essential for the establishment of new cities and for the geographic demarcation of the Brazilian territory.”
Neoplecostomus botucatu Roxo, Oliveira & Zawadzki 2012 named for Botucatu municipality, São Paulo, Brazil, type locality
Neoplecostomus canastra Roxo, Silva, Zawadzki & Oliveira 2017 named for the hills (Serra da Canastra) located at south portion of Minas Gerais, Brazil, where Córrego Tamborete drainages (type locality) originate
Neoplecostomus corumba Zawadzki, Pavanelli & Langeani 2008 named for the rio Corumbá drainage, rio Paranaiba basin, Goiás, Brazil, type locality
Neoplecostomus doceensis Roxo, Silva, Zawadzki & Oliveira 2014 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: rio Doce Basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil, where it appears to be endemic
Neoplecostomus espiritosantensis Langeani 1990 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Espirito Santo, Brazil, where type locality (Victor Hugo, de Domingos Martins municipality) is situated
Neoplecostomus franciscoensis Langeani 1990 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil, where it is endemic
Neoplecostomus granosus (Valenciennes 1840) Latin for full of grains, referring to “strong fleshy granulations” on ventral surface
Neoplecostomus jaguari Andrade & Langeani 2014 named for the rio Jaguari basin (from the Tupí Guaraní, meaning “river of jaguar”), southeastern Brazil, where it appears to be endemic
Neoplecostomus langeanii Roxo, Oliveira & Zawadzki 2012 in honor of Brazilian ichthyologist Francisco Langeani Neto (Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas), for his dedication and contributions to the study of Neotropical fishes
Neoplecostomus microps (Steindachner 1877) micro-, from mikrós (Gr. μικρός), small; ṓps (Gr. ὦψ), eye, referring to its very small eyes
Neoplecostomus paranensis Langeani 1990 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: upper Paraná River basin, Brazil, where type locality (Rio Cubatão, São Paulo State) is situated
Neoplecostomus paraty Cherobim, Lazzarotto & Langeani 2016 Paraty, original spelling of the municipality of Parati, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where this catfish occurs in four coastal drainages; Paraty is derived from the Tupí parat, the mullet Mugil curema, and i, river
Neoplecostomus pirangaensis Oliveira & Oyakawa 2019 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: rio Piranga basin (Minas Gerais, Brazil), where it occurs
Neoplecostomus ribeirensis Langeani 1990 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Ribeira de Iguapé River basin, Brazil, where it is endemic
Neoplecostomus selenae Zawadzki, Pavanelli & Langeani 2008 in honor of Selena Canhoto Zawadzki, the first author’s daughter
Neoplecostomus variipictus Bizerril 1995 varius (L.), different, but here reflecting the Spanish varios, several; pictus (L.), painted, referring to several spots on body and fins (i.e., as if spotted with paint)
Neoplecostomus watersi Silva, Reia, Zawadzki & Roxo 2019 in honor of George Roger Waters (b. 1943), English composer, singer and guitar player from the rock band Pink Floyd, “for his talent as [a] musician and social awareness around [the] world, [e]specially his brave concerns to Brazilian economic, social and politic[al] issues”
Neoplecostomus yapo Zawadzki, Pavanelli & Langeani 2008 named for the rio Yapó drainage, rio Tibagi basin, Paraná, Brazil, type locality
Niobichthys Schaefer & Provenzano 1998 Niobe, from Greek mythology, who, after her children were slain by Apollo, was turned to stone by Zeus and transported to a mountain top, which has ever since remained wet with her tears, referring to cloud mist surrounding Cerra La Neblina, Venezuela, type locality; ichthýs (Gr. ἰχθύς), fish
Niobichthys ferrarisi Schaefer & Provenzano 1998 in honor of American ichthyologist Carl Ferraris, Jr. (b. 1950), co-discoverer of this species and participant in 1984 expedition to type locality, for his many contributions to siluriform systematics and Neotropical ichthyology
Otocinclus Cope 1871 etymology not explained, probably ōtós (Gr. ὠτός), genitive of oū́s (οὖς), ear, and cinclus, from kinklís (Gr. κιγκλίς), latticework, referring to “post-temporal bone pierced in a sieve-like manner”
Otocinclus affinis Steindachner 1877 Latin for related, described as very similar to O. vestitus (both species have large pterotic fenestrae and lack an adipose fin)
Otocinclus arnoldi Regan 1909 in honor of German aquarist Johann Paul Arnold (1869–1952), who “presented” holotype to the British Museum
Otocinclus batmani Lehmann A. 2006 of the comic-book hero Batman, who had a bat shape for a symbol, referring to the single W- or bat-shaped vertical spot on caudal fin
Otocinclus bororo Schaefer 1997 named the Bororo, indigenous tribe who formerly inhabited plains on the western side of the rio Paraguai between the rios Jauru and Guapore (Mato Grosso, Brazil), an area included in the range of this species; the western (or Campanha) Bororo were quickly decimated in the late 1780s and now are mostly extinct except for one isolated group
Otocinclus caxarari Schaefer 1997 named for the Caxarari (also spelled Kaxarari), an indigenous tribe who formerly inhabited lowland regions of the rio Guapore southwest of Porto Velho, Brazil, an area included in the range of this species
Otocinclus cocama Reis 2004 named for the Cocama-Cocamilla Indians who used to be dominant in the lower Ucayali and Marañon rivers of Peru, where this catfish occurs; present estimations point to a little more than 10,000 people in Peru, plus a few hundred in Colombia and Brazil, with much of their culture, language and identity mostly assimilated into regional society
Otocinclus flexilis Cope 1894 Latin for pliant or flexible, allusion not explained nor evident
Otocinclus hasemani Steindachner 1915 in honor of American zoologist John D. Haseman (1882–1969), Carl Eigenmann’s student and field collector for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, who collected holotype
Otocinclus hoppei Miranda Ribeiro 1939 in honor of German civil engineer (hydroelectric power plants), writer and naturalist Werner Hopp (1886–?, note spelling), who collected holotype
Otocinclus huaorani Schaefer 1997 named for the Huaorani indigenous people inhabiting the upper Rio Napo of Amazonian Ecuador, an area within the range of this species; the Huaorani were largely uncontacted until the mid-20th century, and are now best known for their attempts to resist encroachment and habitat destruction in the Yasuni National Park south of Coca by foreign national oil exploration activities, both through diplomatic means and by force
Otocinclus juruenae Ribeiro & Lehmann A. 2016 of the rio Juruena, a right bank tributary of the rio Tapajós basin (Mato Grosso, Brazil), type locality
Otocinclus macrospilus Eigenmann & Allen 1942 macro-, from makrós (Gr. μακρός), long or large; spílos (Gr. σπίλος), mark or spot, presumably referring to a “very large, isolated spot across the entire end of caudal peduncle and base of the caudal”
Otocinclus mangaba Lehmann A., Mayer & Reis 2010 named for the mangaba fruit Hancornia speciosa, alluding to the city of Humaitá (Amazonas, Brazil, type locality), known for its high production of the fruit and locally named “Terra da Mangaba” (Mangabaland)
Otocinclus mariae Fowler 1940 in honor of Maria Howes, wife of Arthur Howes, for whom Fowler is “indebted for many American fishes” (although Fowler credits “Gordon Howes” for collecting the types of several Bolivian fishes)
Otocinclus mimulus Axenrot & Kullander 2003 diminutive of mimus (L.), mime or actor, referring to its mimicry of the color pattern of Corydoras diphyes (Callichthyidae)
Otocinclus mura Schaefer 1997 named for the Mura, indigenous tribe who formerly inhabited the middle reaches of the rio Solimoes (Amazonas, Brazil), within the present range of this species; the Mura were a constant considerable threat to river travel and fiercely resisted colonial assimilation, for which they suffered severe onslaughts by frontier colonists from the mid 1770s to 1785
Otocinclus tapirape Britto & Moreira 2002 named for the indigenous Tapirapé tribe, which nowadays inhabits a restricted area between the rio Tapirapé and rio Araguia in Goiás, Brazil, where this catfish occurs
Otocinclus vestitus Cope 1872 Latin for clothing, dress or attire, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to several series of plates covering body
Otocinclus vittatus Regan 1904 Latin for banded, referring to dark stripe from snout through eye to end of middle caudal rays
Otocinclus xakriaba Schaefer 1997 named for the Xakriabá, indigenous tribe who formerly inhabited the upper region of the São Francisco basin (Minas Gerais and Bahia states, Brazil), within the present range of this species; the Xakriabá apparently were not successful at avoiding contact and colonial assimilation and were driven from the area ca. 1774
Otothyris Myers 1927 ōtós (Gr. ὠτός), genitive of oū́s (οὖς), ear; thyrís (Gr. θυρίς), lattice, referring to perforate temporals, pierced by 3-4 large openings, sometimes confluent into one
Otothyris juquiae Garavello, Britski & Schaefer 1998 of Juquiá, a small town on the rio Juquiá, São Paulo, Brazil, type locality, derived from name of Amazonian people and their word for a small fishing device used in shallow water
Otothyris lophophanes (Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889) lóphos (Gr. λόφος), mane or crest; phanḗs (Gr. φανής), visible, referring to three strongly spiniferous (and therefore visible) ridges on occipital
Otothyris rostrata Garavello, Britski & Schaefer 1998 Latin for beaked, referring to its prominent and deeply sculptured snout
Otothyris travassosi Garavello, Britski & Schaefer 1998 in honor of the late Haroldo P. Travassos (1922–1977), Museu Nacional (of Brazil), for his many contributions to Brazilian ichthyology and his assistance with the authors’ studies
Otothyropsis Ribeiro, Carvalho & Melo 2005 ópsis (Gr. ὄψις), appearance, referring to close relationship with Otothyris [treated as a junior synonym of Hisonotus by some workers]
Otothyropsis alicula Lippert, Calegari & Reis 2014 diminutive of ala (L.), wing or fin, referring to its short pectoral fin
Otothyropsis biamnicus Calegari, Lehmann A. & Reis 2013 bi-, from bis (L.), twice; amnicus (L.), of or pertaining to a river, referring to its distribution in both the Iguaçu and Tibagi basins (Santa Catarina and Paraná states, Brazil)
Otothyropsis dialeukos Calegari, Morlis & Reis 2017 diáleukos (Gr. διάλευκος), from pure white to gray (authors say marked with white), referring to white or light-cream color of cheek
Otothyropsis marapoama Ribeiro, Carvalho & Melo 2005 named for Município de Marapoama, São Paulo, Brazil, type locality
Otothyropsis piribebuy Calegari, Lehmann A. & Reis 2011 named for the Río Piribebuy, a tributary to the Río Manduvira, Río Paraguay basin, near Lima, San Pedro, Paraguay (from the Guaraní word Piri vevui, gentle breeze, a sensation caused by the many cool rivers in the region)
Otothyropsis polyodon Calegari, Lehmann A. & Reis 2013 polý (Gr. πολύ), many; odon, Latinized and grammatically adjusted from the Greek nominative ὀδούς (odoús), tooth, referring to higher number of teeth compared to congeners
Oxyropsis Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 oxýs (Gr. ὀξύς), sharp or pointed; ópsis (Gr. ὄψις), face or appearance, presumably referring to depressed head of O. wrightiana
Oxyropsis acutirostra Miranda Ribeiro 1951 acutus (L.), sharp or pointed; rostris, Neo-Latin scientific adjective of rostrum (L.), snout, referring to its pointed snout
Oxyropsis carinata (Steindachner 1879) Latin for keeled or carinate, referring to serrated longitudinal keel on sides
Oxyropsis wrightiana Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 –ana (L.), belonging to: Scottish-Canadian zoologist Robert Ramsay (misspelled Ramsey by the authors) Wright (1852–1933), “who has contributed more than any one else” to the knowledge of the anatomy of American catfishes
Pareiorhaphis Miranda Ribeiro 1918 pareio-, from pareiá (Gr. παρειά), cheek; rhaphís (Gr. ῥαφίς), needle, referring to hypertrophied odontodes (dermal teeth) on sides of heads of nuptial males
Pareiorhaphis azygolechis (Pereira & Reis 2002) ázygos (Gr. ἄζυγος), unpaired or solitary; lechis, from lekís (Gr. λεκίς) or lékos (λέκος) dish, pot or pan (authors say plate), referring to 3–6 azygous plates in front of adipose fin
Pareiorhaphis bahianus (Gosline 1947) –anus (L.), belonging to: Bahia, Brazil, type locality
Pareiorhaphis cameroni (Steindachner 1907) in honor of Miguel Calmon du Pin e Almedia (1879–1935), Brazil’s Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry, as a “token of my respect and gratitude” [Steindachner misspelled the name as cameroni in the abstract to which the name dates; he identified Calmon but continued the misspelling in a more detailed description published later that year, then corrected the spelling in 1908, but since there is no internal evidence that the name was misspelled in the original 1907 abstract, the incorrect spelling must stand, although some taxonomists have begun using calmoni, which could become the accepted spelling via continued usage]
Pareiorhaphis cerosa (Miranda Ribeiro 1951) Latin for full of wax or waxen, allusion not explained nor evident; perhaps derived from Keróessa (Κερόεσσα), the “horned one” in Greek mythology, referring to hypertrophied odontodes (dermal teeth) on sides of heads of nuptial males
Pareiorhaphis eurycephalus (Pereira & Reis 2002) eurýs (Gr. εὐρύς), wide or broad broad; cephalus, from kephalḗ (Gr. κεφαλή), head, referring to its very broad and moderately depressed head
Pareiorhaphis garapia Pareira, Lehmann A., Schvambach & Reis 2015 named for the Arroio Garapiá (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), where it occurs and the waterfall which marks the known limit of its distribution
Pareiorhaphis garbei (Ihering 1911) in honor of Brazilian zoologist Ernesto Garbe (1853–1925), who collected specimens for the Museu Paulista, University of São Paulo, presumably including holotype of this species
Pareiorhaphis hypselurus (Pereira & Reis 2002) hypsēlós (Gr. ὑψηλός), high; urus, from ourá (Gr. οὐρά), tail, referring to high caudal peduncle
Pareiorhaphis hystrix (Pereira & Reis 2002) hýstrix (Gr. ὕστριξ) and hystrix (L.), porcupine, referring to spiny aspect of hypertrophied odontodes on snout of mature males
Pareiorhaphis lineata Pereira, Pessali, de Andrade & Reis 2017 Latin for lined or striped, referring to dark stripe on flank, unique in the genus
Pareiorhaphis lophia Pereira & Zanata 2014 lophia, from lóphos (Gr. λόφος), crest or ridge, referring to distinct bump on lower lip, a diagnostic feature of the species
Pareiorhaphis mucurina Pereira, Pessali & Reis 2018 –ina (L.), belonging to: Mucuri River basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil, type locality
Pareiorhaphis mutuca (Oliveira & Oyakawa 1999) named for Mutuca creek, Minas Gerais, Brazil, type locality
Pareiorhaphis nasuta Pereira, Vieira & Reis 2007 Latin for long-nosed, referring to its long snout, diagnostic of the species
Pareiorhaphis nudula (Reis & Pereira 1999) diminutive of nudus (L.), bare or naked, referring to its extreme reduction of dermal plates and small body size (up to 33.6 mm SL)
Pareiorhaphis parmula Pereira 2005 diminutive of parma (L.), from pármē (Gr. πάρμη), a light shield or buckler, referring to small plate ventrally located just behind gill opening
Pareiorhaphis proskynita Pereira & Britto 2012 from proskynētḗs (Gr. προσκυνητής), worshipper (but used here to mean pilgrim), referring to pilgrimage activity associated with Santuário do Caraça (Caraça’s Sanctuary), founded by Brother Lourenço in 1770s “as a resting place for travelers in search of an alternative to the madness of the mining activities of that century through spiritual redemption,” now Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural (type locality, Minas Gerais, Brazil), which is preserving more than 100 km2 in a region of intense mining activity
Pareiorhaphis pumila Pereira & Reis 2022 Latin for dwarfish, referring to its small size (barely reaching 50 mm SL)
Pareiorhaphis regani (Giltay 1936) in honor of British ichthyologist Charles Tate Regan (1878–1943), Natural History Museum (London), whose 1904 monograph on loricariid fishes is cited three times by Giltay
Pareiorhaphis ruschii Pereira, Lehmann A. & Reis 2012 in honor of the late “eminent” Brazilian naturalist Augusto Ruschi (1915–1986), for his “outstanding” contributions to the knowledge of Atlantic Forest hummingbirds and his “unweary efforts” to create the conservation area Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi, where this catfish is now protected
Pareiorhaphis scutula Pereira, Vieira & Reis 2010 Latin for a small plate, referring to the small plates that cover its abdominal region
Pareiorhaphis splendens (Bizerril 1995) Latin for splendid or brilliant, referring to its “remarkable” color pattern, e.g., “almost orange” spots on living specimens
Pareiorhaphis steindachneri (Miranda Ribeiro 1918) in honor of Austrian ichthyologist Franz Steindachner (1834–1919), who reported this species as Hemipsilichthys calmoni (=P. cameroni) in 1910
Pareiorhaphis stephana (Oliveira & Oyakawa 1999) Neo-Latin adjective derived from stéphanos (Gr. στέφανος), crown, referring to crown of bristle-like odontodes on margin of head
Pareiorhaphis stomias (Pereira & Reis 2002) stomías (Gr. στομίας), a hard-mouthed horse but often used for any large-mouthed animal, presumably referring to its broad mouth, nearly as wide as its head
Pareiorhaphis togoroi Oliveira & Oyakawa 2019 in honor of Eduardo Shinji Togoro, undergraduate student, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (1998–2001), for dedication and contributions to the knowledge of Serra da Mantiqueira fishes; he collected, measured and studied hundreds of specimens of many species from many places in the headwaters of the four basins that originate at the Serra da Mantiqueira (Minas Gerais, Brazil) for his undergraduate dissertation
Pareiorhaphis torrenticola Pereira, Pessali & Reis 2024 torrens (L.), swift water; –cola (L.), dweller or inhabitant, referring to its occurrence in “very strong” waters
Pareiorhaphis vestigipinnis (Pereira & Reis 1992) vestigium (L.), vestige; pinnis, Neo-Latin adjective of pinna (L.), fin, i.e., finned, referring to small (i.e., vestigial) scutelets at adipose-fin position
Pareiorhaphis vetula Pereira, Lehmann A. & Reis 2016 Latin for elderly (but said by the authors to mean an old or little old man, yet still proposed as an adjective), referring to small size of adult specimens (up to 49.3 mm SL)
Pareiorhina Gosline 1947 pareio-, from pareiá (Gr. παρειά), cheek; rhina, from rhínē (Gr. ῥίνη), file or rasp, probably referring to “granular” (or raspy) sides of head
Pareiorhina brachyrhyncha Chamon, Aranda & Buckup 2005 short-snouted, from brachýs (Gr. βραχύς), short, and rhýnchos (Gr. ῥύγχος), snout, referring to shape of snout, which is short relative to width of body compared with known congeners at the time
Pareiorhina carrancas Bockmann & Ribeiro 2003 named for the municipality of Carrancas, Minais Gerais, Brazil, type locality
Pareiorhina cepta Roxo, da Costa e Silva, Mehanna & Oliveira 2012 named for CEPTA, acronym of Centro de Pesquisa Treinamento em Aquacultura (Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil), which organized expedition during which holotype was collected
Pareiorhina hyptiorhachis Silva, Roxo & Oliveira 2013 hýptios (Gr. ὕπτιος), supine; rháchis (Gr. ῥάχις), ridge or midrib, referring to its conspicuous postdorsal ridge
Pareiorhina pelicicei Azevedo-Santos & Roxo 2015 in honor of Fernando Mayer Pelicice, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, for his “relevant” scientific contributions to fish ecology and the impacts of dams on Neotropical fishes
Pareiorhina rosai Silva, Roxo & Oyakawa 2016 in honor of João Guimarães Rosa (1908–1967), Brazilian writer who documented the history of people living near the Rio das Velhas and rio Paraopeba (e.g., Sagarana and Grande Sertão Veredas), in the Brazilian Savanna (“sertão”) of Minas Gerais, Brazil, where this catfish occurs)
Pareiorhina rudolphi (Miranda Ribeiro 1911) in honor of Rodolpho von Ihering (1883–1939), zoologist and fish culturist, who described this catfish as Plecostomus (Rhinelepis) microps in 1907, but used a preoccupied name (Plecostomus microps Steindachner 1876)
Parotocinclus Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889 pará (Gr. παρά), near, presumably referring to similarity to and/or previous placement of type species, P. maculicauda, in Otocinclus
Parotocinclus adamanteus Pereira, Santos, de Pinna & Reis 2019 of the diamond, referring to Chapada Diamantina, a large plateau in central Bahia State, Brazil, where it occurs
Parotocinclus arandai Sarmento-Soares, Lehmann A. & Martins-Pinheiro 2009 in honor of the authors’ colleague Arion Túlio Aranda, for his talent for catching fish and knowledge of their behavior (he also helped collect type series)
Parotocinclus bahiensis (Miranda Ribeiro 1918) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Bahia State, Brazil, where it is endemic to the Upper Rio Itapicuru drainage
Parotocinclus bidentatus Gauger & Buckup 2005 bi-, from bis (L.), twice; dentatus (L.), toothed, referring to two types of teeth: the usual series of oral teeth and an accessory patch of teeth on upper and lower jaws
Parotocinclus cabessadecuia Ramos, Lima & Ramos 2017 named for Cabeça de Cuia (gourd head), a legendary creature said to attack fishermen along the banks of the rio Parnaíba in Piauí State, Brazil, where this fish occurs (cuia is a hard-shelled fruit with a gourd-like shape whose dried shell is used as bowls; the expression “gourd head” refers to a large head but it is unclear whether the authors considered this fish’s head as large)
Parotocinclus cearensis Garavello 1977 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Ceará State, Brazil, where it is endemic
Parotocinclus cesarpintoi Miranda Ribeiro 1939 in honor of helminthologist Cesar Pinto (1896–1964), who collected and/or supplied holotype and photographs of it
Parotocinclus cristatus Garavello 1977 Latin for crested, presumably referring to tuft of denticles on supraoccipital bone
Parotocinclus doceanus (Miranda Ribeiro 1918) –anus (L.), belonging to: rio Doce, Espírito Santo, Brazil, type locality
Parotocinclus fluminense Roxo, Melo, Silva & Oliveira 2017 named for the Baixada Fluminense, relative to the area surrounding the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in which this species inhabits and, consequently, in honor of the population from the state of Rio de Janeiro, popularly named fluminense
Parotocinclus haroldoi Garavello 1988 in honor of Brazilian ichthyologist Heraldo A. Britski, Universidade de São Paulo, who loaned specimens, revised Garavello’s manuscript, and contributed many suggestions for its improvement
Parotocinclus jacksoni Ramos, Lustosa-Costa, Barros-Neto & Barbosa 2021 in honor of Jackson do Pandeiro (1919–1982), artistic name of José Gomes Filho, Brazilian composer and singer of the Forró and Samba, both popular genres of Brazilian music; Jackson was born in Alagoa Grande, the municipality drained by the Rio Mamanguape basin and one of the localities where this catfish was collected
Parotocinclus jacumirim Silva-Junior, Ramos & Zanata 2020 named for the rio Jacumirim, rio Jacuípe basin, Bahia, Brazil, only known area of occurrence (from the Tupí Jacu, from Jacuípe, meaning the river of jacús, a species of bird, and mirim, meaning small
Parotocinclus jequi Lehmann A., Koech Braun, Pereira & Reis 2013 from the Tupí ye’kei, a type of fish trap, and part of the name of the Rio Jequitinhonha (“field of the river traps”) drainage, Minas Gerais, Brazil, where it is endemic
Parotocinclus jimi Garavello 1977 in honor of Brazilian herpetologist-ecologist Jorge Jim (1942–2011), who helped collect holotype (Julio C. Garavello, pers. comm.)
Parotocinclus jumbo Britski & Garavello 2002 Anglo-Saxon word meaning very large, referring to its unusually large size compared to congeners
Parotocinclus maculicauda (Steindachner 1877) macula (L.), spot; cauda (L.), tail, referring to large spot on front part of tail (termination of dark longitudinal band on sides)
Parotocinclus minutus Garavello 1977 Latin for small, referring to its small size (2–3 cm SL)
Parotocinclus muriaensis Gauger & Buckup 2005 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Rio Muriaé, Paraíba do Sul River basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, type locality
Parotocinclus nandae Lehmann A., Camelier & Zanata 2020 in honor of Maria Fernanda Boaz Lehmann (b. 2010), daughter of the first author, affectionately known as “Nanda”
Parotocinclus planicauda Garavello & Britski 2003 planus (L.), flat; cauda (L.), tail, referring to “somewhat quadrangular cross section of caudal peduncle with conspicuous flat lateral surfaces”
Parotocinclus prata Ribeiro, Melo & Pereira 2002 named for rio de Prata basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil, type locality
Parotocinclus pukuixe Silva-Junior & Zanata 2022 from pukuixê, Pataxohã word used by the native Pataxó tribe that historically occupies the south and extreme south coastal areas of Bahia State, Brazil; pukuixê means “the first” and is used herein in allusion to the species being the first of the genus having the rio Pardo as its type locality
Parotocinclus robustus Lehmann A. & Reis 2012 Latin for of oak or oaken and, by extension, hard, firm or solid (but often used by ichthyologists to mean fat or stout), referring to its “strong and robust appearance”
Parotocinclus seridoensis Ramos, Barris-Neta, Britski & Lima 2013 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: semi-arid Caatinga region known as “Sertão do Seridó,” Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba States, one of the most arid regions in northeastern Brazil, where this catfish occurs; probably derived from the native Tapuia language expression ceri-toh, “little foliage and little shade,” referring to characteristic Caatinga vegetation, mainly composed of small, thorny trees that shed their leaves in dry periods
Parotocinclus spilosoma (Fowler 1941) spílos (Gr. σπίλος), mark or spot; sṓma (Gr. σῶμα), body, referring to four transverse dark-to-blackish brown bands on pale or light-brown body
Parotocinclus spilurus (Fowler 1941) spílos (Gr. σπίλος), mark or spot; urus, from ourá (Gr. οὐρά), tail, referring to black and dark-gray bands on caudal fin
Plesioptopoma Reis, Pereira & Lehmann A. 2012 plḗsios (Gr. πλήσιος), near, root word of plesiomorph, i.e., a primitive character state; optopoma, from Hypoptopoma, type genus of subfamily, referring to putative basal position among hypoptopomines
Plesioptopoma curvidens Reis, Pereira & Lehmann A. 2012 curvus (L.), curved or bent; dens (L.), tooth, referring to strongly curved tooth series on both premaxilla and dentary
Pseudotocinclus Nichols 1919 pseudo-, from pseúdēs (Gr. ψεύδης), false, i.e., although this genus may resemble the closely allied Otocinclus, such an appearance is false
Pseudotocinclus juquiae Takako, Oliveira & Oyakawa 2005 of the Juquiá River basin, Brazil, type locality, derived from the Tupí yeke (juqui or jequiá in Portuguese), meaning a small fishing device used in shallow water
Pseudotocinclus parahybae Takako, Oliveira & Oyakawa 2005 of the Paraíba do Sul basin, Brazil, type locality (derived from a Tupí word for a useless river, or a portion of river too difficult to navigate)
Pseudotocinclus tietensis (Ihering 1907) –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Rio Tietê, São Paulo, Brazil, type locality
Pseudotothyris Britski & Garavello 1984 pseudo-, from pseúdēs (Gr. ψεύδης), false, i.e., although this genus may resemble Otothyris, such an appearance is false
Pseudotothyris ignota Martins, Britski & Langeani 2014 Latin for unknown or ignored, misidentified as P. obtusa since 1911
Pseudotothyris janeirensis Britski & Garavello 1984 –ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, where it is endemic
Pseudotothyris obtusa (Miranda Ribeiro 1911) Latin for blunt or dull, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to small platelets with small (and therefore blunter or duller) spines on snout, compared with large plates with strong, recurved spines on snout of most other members of the subfamily
Rhinolekos Martins & Langeani 2011 rhinós (Gr. ῥινός), genitive of rhís (ῥίς), beak or snout; lékos (λέκος)dish, pot or pan (authors say plate), referring to large plate between second infraorbital plate and nasal opening, anteriorly projected, surrounding the nostril
Rhinolekos arachas (Martins, Calegari & Langeani 2013) named for the Arachás, native people who once lived in the area drained by the rio Araguari (type locality) and were exterminated by the Caiapós in 1750s; in the Tupí language Araxá means “high place where sun can be seen first,” thus Arachás were those who inhabited the highlands of southeastern Minas Gerais, Brazil
Rhinolekos britskii Martins, Langeani & Costa 2011 in honor of Brazilian ichthyologist Heraldo A. Britski, Universidade de São Paulo, for his “dedication and remarkable contributions” to the studies of hypoptopomatine catfishes and Neotropical ichthyology
Rhinolekos capetinga Roxo, Ochoa, Silva & Oliveira 2015 Tupí-Guaraní word meaning white, or clear, water, an old and unused name of São João D’Aliança municipality, Goiás, Brazil, one of the paratype localities
Rhinolekos garavelloi Martins & Langeani 2011 in honor of Brazilian ichthyologist Julio C. Garavello, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, for contributions to the studies of hypoptopomatine catfishes and Neotropical ichthyology
Rhinolekos schaeferi Martins & Langeani 2011 in honor of American ichthyologist Scott A. Schaefer, American Museum of Natural History (New York), for his “remarkable” contributions to hypoptopomatine systematics
Rhinotocinclus Reis & Lehmann A. 2022 rhinós (Gr. ῥινός), genitive of rhís (ῥίς), beak or snout, referring to the “conspicuous and elegant” snout of most of its species; Otocinclus, a related genus
Rhinotocinclus acuen (Silva, Roxo & Oliveira 2014) named for the Xavante indigenous people of Mato Grosso, Brazil, known in anthropological literature as acuen
Rhinotocinclus bockmanni (Carvalho & Datovo 2012) in honor of Flávio A. Bockmann, Universidade de São Paulo, for guiding the authors’ studies and his contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical catfishes
Rhinotocinclus britskii (Boeseman 1974) in honor of Brazilian ichthyologist Heraldo A. Britski, Universidade de São Paulo, for “hospitality and generous assistance” during Boeseman’s visit to the university’s zoological museum
Rhinotocinclus chromodontus (Britski & Garavello 2007) chrṓma (Gr. χρῶμα), skin or color; odontos, Latinized and grammatically adjusted from the Greek nominative ὀδούς (odoús), tooth, referring to reddish-brown tip of teeth
Rhinotocinclus collinsae (Schmidt & Ferraris 1985) in honor of entomologist Margaret S. Collins (1922–1996), Alfred Emerson Field Station, Kartabo, Guyana, who made it possible for the first author to collect fishes in Guyana [the first African-American honored in the name of a fish]
Rhinotocinclus dani (Roxo, Silva & Oliveira 2016) in honor of Daniela Fernandes Roxo, the first author’s sister
Rhinotocinclus dinizae (Ribeiro-Silva, Silva, Venere, da Silva & Roxo 2020) in honor of Débora Diniz, State University of Southwest Bahia (Brazil), for her contribution to the cytogenetic studies of Neotropical freshwater fishes
Rhinotocinclus discolor Reis & Lehmann A. 2022 dis– (L. prefix), away from, i.e., not of the same color, referring to the “remarkable” color pattern of the second and third dark bars on its side fused into one
Rhinotocinclus eppleyi (Schaefer & Provenzano 1993) in honor of Marion Eppley (1883–1960), American Navy captian, physical chemist, and founder of the Eppley Foundation for Research (New York), for its financial support of the authors’ 1989–1991 collecting efforts in Venezuela, which led to the discovery of this species
Rhinotocinclus halbothi (Lehmann A., Lazzarotto & Reis 2014) in memory of Dário Armin Halboth (1965–2003), an “excellent field biologist” and one of the first researchers to study the effects of bauxite tailings deposited in an Amazonian lake on fish communities; before his early death, he dedicated himself to describe the ecological features of the fishes living in streams of Amapá State, Brazil
Rhinotocinclus hardmani (Lehmann A., Lujan & Reis 2022) in honor of British ichthyologist Michael Hardman (b. 1978), former technician at the Center for Biodiversity, Illinois Natural History Survey (Champaign, Illinois, USA), who collected specimens in 1998 and first recognized this species as undescribed
Rhinotocinclus hera (Gamarra, Calegari & Reis 2019) Latin for mistress of the house, lady, or queen, referring to larger size of females relative to males
Rhinotocinclus isabelae Reis & Lehmann A. 2022 in honor to Isabela Alho dos Reis, younger daughter of the first author, an “enthusiast of biodiversity conservation and interested in aquarium fishes since she was very young”
Rhinotocinclus jumaorum (Dias, Silva, Oliveira & Roxo 2018) –orum (L.), commemorative suffix, plural: named for the Juma, a large Indian tribe who were “butchered and wiped out” of the region around the rio Juma (type locality), Amazonas state, Brazil; in the 18th century, the Juma had a population of ~15,000, but only one nuclear family (a father and three daughters) survives today
Rhinotocinclus kwarup (Lehmann A. & Reis 2021) named for Kwarup (also known as Kuarup or Quarup), an annual ritual celebrated by the upper Xingu indigenous people in honor of their beloved dead and aimed to bring them back to life; the name is in honor of the nearly 5,500 people belonging to 14 different ethnicities who currently live in the Xingu Indigenous Park, which plays an essential role in the conservation of this and other fish species
Rhinotocinclus longirostris (Garavello 1988) longus (L.), long; rostris, Neo-Latin scientific adjective of rostrum (L.), snout, presumably referring to its “strongly ellipsoid” shape
Rhinotocinclus loxochelis Reis & Lehmann A. 2022 loxós (Gr. λοξός), slanting crosswise; chelis, from kēlís (Gr. κηλίς), stain or spot, referring to the broken and oblique dark bars on its body
Rhinotocinclus marginalis Reis & Lehmann A. 2022 Latin for marginal, referring to its distribution in the northern margin of the Brazilian Shield
Rhinotocinclus pilosus Reis & Lehmann A. 2022 Latin for hairy, referring to its dense cover of hyperthrophied odontodes on trunk, ventral surface and fins
Rhinotocinclus pentakelis (Roxo, Messias & Silva 2019) penta, from pénte (Gr. πέντε), five; kēlís (Gr. κηλίς), stain or spot, referring to five conspicuous transverse dark bars on body (authors indicate four such bars in the “etymology” section of their description but indicate five bars elsewhere)
Rhinotocinclus polyochrus (Schaefer 1988) polý– (Gr. πολύ), many; ōchrós (Gr. ὠχρός), pale or wan, referring to distinctive V-shaped color pattern on snout and Y-shaped color pattern on occiput
Rhinotocinclus variola (Lehmann A., Schvambach & Reis 2015) Latin for pustule or pox, referring to dark dots that cover all dorsal and ventral body surfaces
Rhinotocinclus yaka (Lehmann A., Lima & Reis 2018) yaka, common name for non-loricariine loricariids in both languages of the Tukano and the Tuyuka ethnic groups of the upper Rio Tiquié, Amazonas, Brazil, type locality
Schizolecis Britski & Garavello 1984 schízō (Gr. σχίζω), split or cleave; lecis, from lekís (Gr. λεκίς) or lékos (λέκος) dish, pot or pan (authors say plate), referring to small plates bearing spines on tip of snout, identical to those on head
Schizolecis guentheri (Miranda Ribeiro 1918) in honor of Francisco Günther (d. 1912), who collected specimens for the Museu Paulista, University of São Paulo, including holotype of this species [originally spelled guntheri, emended to guentheri per ICZN Art. 32.5.1]